disease process

4 phases of inflammatory process

1. histamine released

2. neutrophil exudation (phagocyte)

3. monocyte exudation (macrophage)

4. regeneration and repair

identify all wbc

neutrophil, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

Compare/contrast behavior and treatment of benign and malignant neoplasms.

Benign: Slow, localized, Well-defined, encapsulated, no metastasis, Resembles original cells, Rarely fatal, Often surgical removal (if needed)

Malignant: Rapid, invasive, irregular, Atypical, abnormal cells, yes metastasis, High fatality risk, Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, horomonal therapy, immunotherapy

List etiologies for malignant neoplasia.

Etiologies:

Carcinogens found in tar benzopyrene, Smoking/Tobbacco, Obesity, Sedentary Life, Family Hisotry, Virus, perinatal factors, alcohol, socioeconomic status, pollution, uv radiation, drugs and medical procedures, salt food addtives and contaminents

Describe how neoplasms are named and recognize examples.

Benign tumors: Tissue of origin + "-oma" (osteoma, Adenoma, Lipoma)

Malignant tumors:

Epithelial origin: Tissue + "-carcinoma" (e.g., Adenocarcinoma)

Connective tissue origin: Tissue + "-sarcoma" (Osteosarcoma)

Exceptions: Melanoma, Lymphoma, Glioma (malignant despite "-oma")

Describe and recognize examples of disease caused by chromosomal abnormalities.

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome): Extra chromosome 21

Trisomy 23 (Klinefelter's Syndrome): Males with XXY chromosomes

Monosomy 23 (Turner's Syndrome): Females with a single X chromosome

Recognize, give examples and causes of autosomal recessive and sex-linked genetic diseases.

Autosomal Recessive: Both parents must pass defective gene

Examples: Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, PKU

Sex-Linked Recessive: Defective allele on X chromosome, which is usually form mother to son

Examples: Hemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (MD), Color Blindness

Recognize examples of active and passive immunity

Active Immunity: Natural (infection) or Artificial (vaccines). (Long duration but takes longer time to act)

Passive Immunity: - Natural (maternal antibodies) or Artificial (antibody injections) (Acts immediately but is short lived_

Identify the types of hypersensitivity and recognize examples of each.

Type I: Allergies (allergies, anaphylaxis) mediated with IgE

Type II: Cytotoxic (e.g., blood transfusion reactions, rh incompatibility) mediated by IgG or IgM

Type III: Immune complex (farmers lung, glomerulonenphritits, rhuematic fever) mediated by immune complexes

Type IV: cell mediated (e.g., contact dermatitis, transplant rejection, tuberculin type) mediated by t cells

aids

eitology: Blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, sharing needles, unprotected sex

pathology: HIV binds to CD4 receptors T-helper lymphocytes that replicates, kill cells, and spreads

manifestions: opportunistic infections: virus, fungi, protozoan, mycobacteria

malignancies: kaposi sarcoma, squamos cell carcinoma, lymphoma, leukemia

treatments: No cure, but drugs that can control virus so it doesn’t spread and protect ur immune system