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the units of structure and function of living things
cells
the study of cells
cytology
states that all living things are composed of living units called cells and of cell products and that all cells come only from preexisting cells
cell theory
before the mid-20th century, living cells were regarded as simple bags on an amorphous gel or slime called _____________ .
protoplasm
special lipids that compose the cell membrane
phospholipids
a network of flexible reinforcement fibers beneath the phospholipid bilayer
membrane skeleton
rigid, box-like structure outside the cell membrane of plant cells that stiffens the cell, allowing a plant to stand upright even though it lacks a skeleton
cell wall
main three parts of a eukaryotic cell
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
makes the cell wall stiffer by linking the cellulose threads together more strongly
lignin
the working area of the cell that consists of the entire interior of the cell except for the nucleus
cytoplasm
the jelly-like fluid medium of the cell
cytosol
the diverse “little organs” of the cell, each enclosed within its own membrane
organelles
large protein catalysts found in both the cytosol and organelles; performs various chemical reactions
enzymes
a cell’s intricate internal skeleton to help it maintain its shape
cytoskeleton
hollow, rod-like filaments, composed of a protein called tubulin, that make up a cytoskeleton
microtubules
microtubule-organizing center in human and animal cells
centrosome
the “power plants” of a cell
mitochondria
the most important molecular machines in a mitochondrion
ATP synthases
“protein factories” in a living cell that manufacture proteins
ribosomes
membrane network of interconnected sacs and tubules that attaches to the nucleus and extends throughout much of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
the space at the core of the mitochondrion
matrix
the smooth ________ _____________ contains many pores that allow molecules to pass through.
outer membrane
part of a mitochondrion that is highly folded and very selective in what it permits to pass through
inner membrane
the space between the outer and inner membranes
intermembrane space
internal cavity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
ER lumen
structures that serve as the shipping centers of the cell
golgi apparatus
Proteins that are going to the same destination are loaded into a container called a ____________.
vesicle
a special type of vesicle that functions as a recycling center
lysosome
large storage spaces in the cytoplasm of plant cells
vacuoles
“control center” of the cell that contains DNA
nucleus
governs the construction and operation of a cell
DNA
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell
nuclear envelope
large protein complexes in the envelope that serve as gates of the nucleus
nuclear pores
distinct region of the nucleus where the ribosomes are assembled
nucleolus
the most important task that any cell must accomplish
staying alive
a stable internal environment
homeostasis
a measurement of the concentration of acids and bases
pH
The primary task of all cells is to obtain _________.
energy
the process by which nearly all autotrophs transform radiant solar energy into the chemical energy of sugar molecules
photosynthesis
The cells of your body must constantly regulate their internal ____________ __________________ or they will die.
osmotic pressure
process by which living cells break down chemical substances and combine them with oxygen to release energy
cellular respiration
serves as the energy carrier of the cell and as a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy
ATP
Under anaerobic conditions, cellular respiration cannot take place, so cells rely on ______________ for energy.
fermentation
cell does not have to use energy for diffusion
passive transport
cell uses energy for diffusion
active transport
the process of taking in large substances
endocytosis
process by which cellular waste products are eliminated from the cytoplasm
exocytosis
whip-like tails that extend from the cells
flagella
tiny hair-like projections that extend from the cell membrane
cilia
reproductive process of cells
cell cycle
the stage between cell divisions
interphase
DNA molecule
chromosome
the nucleus of a cell divides to generate two nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus
mitosis
the cytoplasm separates to form two separate cells with their own nuclei, organelles, cell membranes, and cell walls
cytokinesis
The process of mitosis consists of how many stages?
4
the first stage of mitosis in which the cell packages its chromosomes into tightly packed structures
prophase
the structure (made during prophase) to which chromosomes attach during metaphase
spindle apparatus
Second stage of mitosis
metaphase
Third stage of mitosis
anaphase
final phase of mitosis
telophase
programmed cell death
apoptosis
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