bio chapter 22 quiz notes

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the units of structure and function of living things

cells

the study of cells

cytology

states that all living things are composed of living units called cells and of cell products and that all cells come only from preexisting cells

cell theory

before the mid-20th century, living cells were regarded as simple bags on an amorphous gel or slime called _____________ .

protoplasm

special lipids that compose the cell membrane

phospholipids

a network of flexible reinforcement fibers beneath the phospholipid bilayer

membrane skeleton

rigid, box-like structure outside the cell membrane of plant cells that stiffens the cell, allowing a plant to stand upright even though it lacks a skeleton

cell wall

main three parts of a eukaryotic cell

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

makes the cell wall stiffer by linking the cellulose threads together more strongly

lignin

the working area of the cell that consists of the entire interior of the cell except for the nucleus

cytoplasm

the jelly-like fluid medium of the cell

cytosol

the diverse “little organs” of the cell, each enclosed within its own membrane

organelles

large protein catalysts found in both the cytosol and organelles; performs various chemical reactions

enzymes

a cell’s intricate internal skeleton to help it maintain its shape

cytoskeleton

hollow, rod-like filaments, composed of a protein called tubulin, that make up a cytoskeleton

microtubules

microtubule-organizing center in human and animal cells

centrosome

the “power plants” of a cell

mitochondria

the most important molecular machines in a mitochondrion

ATP synthases

“protein factories” in a living cell that manufacture proteins

ribosomes

membrane network of interconnected sacs and tubules that attaches to the nucleus and extends throughout much of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

the space at the core of the mitochondrion

matrix

the smooth ________ _____________ contains many pores that allow molecules to pass through.

outer membrane

part of a mitochondrion that is highly folded and very selective in what it permits to pass through

inner membrane

the space between the outer and inner membranes

intermembrane space

internal cavity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

ER lumen

structures that serve as the shipping centers of the cell

golgi apparatus

Proteins that are going to the same destination are loaded into a container called a ____________.

vesicle

a special type of vesicle that functions as a recycling center

lysosome

large storage spaces in the cytoplasm of plant cells

vacuoles

“control center” of the cell that contains DNA

nucleus

governs the construction and operation of a cell

DNA

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell

nuclear envelope

large protein complexes in the envelope that serve as gates of the nucleus

nuclear pores

distinct region of the nucleus where the ribosomes are assembled

nucleolus

the most important task that any cell must accomplish

staying alive

a stable internal environment

homeostasis

a measurement of the concentration of acids and bases

pH

The primary task of all cells is to obtain _________.

energy

the process by which nearly all autotrophs transform radiant solar energy into the chemical energy of sugar molecules

photosynthesis

The cells of your body must constantly regulate their internal ____________ __________________ or they will die.

osmotic pressure

process by which living cells break down chemical substances and combine them with oxygen to release energy

cellular respiration

serves as the energy carrier of the cell and as a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy

ATP

Under anaerobic conditions, cellular respiration cannot take place, so cells rely on ______________ for energy.

fermentation

cell does not have to use energy for diffusion

passive transport

cell uses energy for diffusion

active transport

the process of taking in large substances

endocytosis

process by which cellular waste products are eliminated from the cytoplasm

exocytosis

whip-like tails that extend from the cells

flagella

tiny hair-like projections that extend from the cell membrane

cilia

reproductive process of cells

cell cycle

the stage between cell divisions

interphase

DNA molecule

chromosome

the nucleus of a cell divides to generate two nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus

mitosis

the cytoplasm separates to form two separate cells with their own nuclei, organelles, cell membranes, and cell walls

cytokinesis

The process of mitosis consists of how many stages?

4

the first stage of mitosis in which the cell packages its chromosomes into tightly packed structures

prophase

the structure (made during prophase) to which chromosomes attach during metaphase

spindle apparatus

Second stage of mitosis

metaphase

Third stage of mitosis

anaphase

final phase of mitosis

telophase

programmed cell death

apoptosis