Psych exam 3 Chapter 5

What was B.F Skinner known for?

The Skinner box

rat in box, push lever for food

Who was John Watson?

• Watson founded behaviorism

• Behaviorism → psychology’s only concern is behavior (not the mind or consciousness)

• Followed by Pavlov’s ideology

• He believed experience shaped behavior

• Little Albert experiment

What was Edward Thorndike’s law of effect?

Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

Who was Ivan Pavlov?

Came up with classical conditioning —> dogs salivating at the sound of a bell

What did Albert Bandura believe & what was his famous experiment?

•  internal mental states must also play a role

• observational learning

• bobo doll

What intelligence theory did Raymond Carttell believe?

• Fluid intelligence → innate, inherited reasoning abilities, memory, & speed of info processing

• crystallized intelligence → the store of knowledge & skills gained through experience & education

What intelligence theory did Robert Sternberg believe?

• triarchic theory

• Practical intelligence → ability to cope with environment (street smarts)

• Analytical intelligence → ability measured by most IQ tests; includes the ability to analyze problems & find right solutions

• Creative intelligence → form of intelligence that helps people see new relationships; involves insight & creativity

What intelligence theory did Howard Gardner believe?

Multiple inteligences

• Linguistic → often measured with IQ test on vocab & reading comprehension

• Logical-mathematical → measured on most IQ test with analogies, math problems & logic problems

• Spatial → ability to form multiple mental images of objects & think of their relationships in space

• Musical → ability to perceive, compose, and appreciate music

• Bodily kinesthetic → ability for controlled movement & coordination

• Naturalistic → ability to classify living things  as members of diverse groups recognize subtle changes in one’s environment

• Interpersonal → ability to understand other people’s intentions, emotions, and motives

• Intrapersonal → emotional intelligence

Who was Sir Francis Galton?

developed first broad test of intelligence, late 1800s

what was Alfred Binet known for?

•  french govt test for school children

what was Louis Terman known for?

create standardizing & norming testing

What was David Weschler known for?

new IQ test in U.S., Wechsler Bellevue Scale

What is learning?

• a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

What is associative learning?

Occurs when we form connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

What is classical conditioning?

• pairs stimuli in time, involves unconscious processes

What is operant conditioning?

• Pairs a behavior with a stimulus, involves conscious processes

What is observational learning?

• Occurs when an organism learns by modeling the action of another

• Adds social + cognitive layers to all basic associative processes

• Conscious & unconscious

What is cognitive learning?

 acquisition of information stored for later use

What is latent learning?

• new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it

What is unconditioned stimulus?

 elicits automatic response without prior learning

What is unconditioned response?

reflexive response

What is conditioned stimulus?

 after being repeatedly paired with UCS it elicits UCR

What is conditioned response?

occurs in response to CS alone

What is acquisition?

process in classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response

What is are conditioned emotions?

• Phobias

• Biological preparedness

• contra preparedness

What is exticntion?

reinforced behavior eventually stops after reinforcement is no longer given

What is spontaneous recovery?

• after a pause a previously extinguished behavior comes back

What is biological preparedness?

people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses

What is positive reinforcement?

• Desired reinforcer in presented after a response

• Increases likelihood of a behavior

What is Negative Reinforcement?

• Unpleasant event is removed following a desired behavior

• Increases likelihood of behavior

What is positive punishment?

• Given something you don't want 

• Decreases likelihood of behavior

What is negative punishment?

• Something you want is taken away

• Decreases likelihood of behavior

What are primary reinforcers?

1. Water

2. Shelter

3. Food

4. sex/touch

5. sleep

6. pleasure

What are secondary reinforcers?

1. Money 

2. Technology devices

3. Cars

4. Praise

5. Tickets

6. token

What is generalization?

phenomenon whereby people transfer what they have learned in one context to other situations

What is discrimination?

• The ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli

What is spontaneous recovery?

 after a pause a previously extinguished behavior comes back

What is shaping?

• Shaping is the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer & closer approximations of the desired behavior

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

• This schedule is that reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses

Ex: a rat receives a pellet for every 10 lever presses

What is a variable ratio schedule?

• Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed ratio

Ex: telemarketer

What is a fixed interval schedule?

• This schedule is that reinforcement is given only after a specific time passes

Ex: a rat receives a pellet after he presses the bar when 5 min has gone by

What is a variable interval schedule?

• Reinforcement occurs after a varying amount of time rather than after a fixed amount of time

Ex: busy signal

What are the two routes for observational learning?

1. Learning a different response (one different from what you saw punished)

2. Choosing to imitate the model depending on the outcome

What are the 3 models in observational learning? what do they do?

• Live → demonstrates behavior in person

• Verbal → explains but doesn’t demonstrate

• Symbolic → fictional characters that model behavior

What are the 4 steps for learning from models?

• Attention

• Retention

• Reproduction

• Motivation

What is parasocial behavior?

individuals voluntarily engage in actions that benefit others or society as a whole

What is antisocial behavior?

he processes by which individuals learn and adopt behaviors that are harmful or disruptive to others through observation

What intelligence theory was Charles Spearman known for?

intelligence is a general ability - g factor