US History Unit 3 (all)

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War between the colonies + English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. The French also sided mostly with the natives.

Seven Years' War

(1756-1753) worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land

Albany Plan of Union

Developed by Ben Franklin, provided for a gov & system of taxes for the colonies defense But never took affect

Salutary Neglect 

British policy of relaxed enforcement of laws & regulations

Peace of Paris 1763 

GB acquired French Canada and Spanish Florida 

• To compensate Span, France gave them land west of the Mississippi River 

• France lost influence in the Americas

Proclamation of 1763

By the British gov prohibited colonists to settle west of the Appalachian mountains 

Pontiac's Rebellion

Alliance of tribes under chief Pontiac star to fight against colonial expansion

Stamp Act Congress

In MA James Otis initiated the call for colonies to protest the stamp act. Decision: only their own elected reps had the legal authority to approve taxes

Sons & Daughters of Liberty 

A result from the stamp act, members at times destroyed revenue stamp 

Stamp act 

• Required revenue stamps were to be implemented in paper goods 

  • First direct tax collected from those who used goods and were paid by the colonies 

Tea act 

Gave the British comp a monopoly on American tea trade (told the colonist they could only buy that tea)

Enlightenment

Moved ideas from religion based to logic & reasoning based. Some educated Americans felt attracted to a European movement in literature and philosophy.

Social contract 

The gov was meant to protect the people

Thomas Paine 

Argued (stated) the colonies should become independent states and break Political ties with Britain monarchy 

Second continental congress

OUTCOME:

• Made colonies provide troops (under GW as chief)

• Navy & Marine corps was organized to take down British ships

Declaration of Independence 

1. Richard Henry lee of Virginia calls for independence 

2. Congress appointed the Committees of Five to draft the declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson)

3. Jefferson relieved on John Locke's enlightenment ideas of social contract & natural rights 

4. Include 27 grievances (complaints) 

5. Signed July 4 of 1776

Olive Branch Petition 

An attempt to avoid war. Was sent by delegates (second congress) where the delegated would pledge their loyalty to the king. The king did not accept the idea.

Lexington & Concord April 1775 

British troops marched from Boston to Concord MA to seize and store arms. Colonist gained word and sent minutemen to get ready. On the British way back to Boston they were attacked by the militia.

YorkTown 1781 

Last Major Battle of the Revolutionary War 

Washington's army forced the surrender of large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis 

Treaty of Paris (1783) 

• American Independence is officially recognized

• ALL and east of the Mississippi and north of FL was given to Americans 

• British forts had to evacuate 

• Americans pay debts + give loyalists their property back 

Republican Motherhood

Women’s new role in society:  instructing the children in the virtues of republicanism 

• Women still had no real rights/not equal

• Were educated to a certain level

• Home NOT public

Abigail Adams 

Wrote to her husband “remember the ladies”=unsuccessful

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Accomplishment of the AOC 

• Law that granted new states to the west a limited self gov and prohibited slavery

• Congress established a policy for surveying and selling the western lands 

  • Set aside land for edu

Articles of Confederation 

Weak form of gov written by the 2nd continental congress during the second continental congress

Shays Rebellion 

Bunch of farmers did not pay debts and lost their farms and rioted (lasted longer than it should have) 

Impact of Shays Rebellion

As a movement the rebellion it FAILED BUT it urged the need of a Stronger Constitution 

What did British war Debts lead to

Taxes on the colonies

American control was dependent on _____

allegiances with native tribes

Articles of Confederation

weak form of government written by the second continental congress during the rev war

Economical & Political info on moving westward

Economical: money opportunities

Political: NA negative interactions & European powers protected their borders from each other

William Pitt

English secretary of State took control of the war planning Military strategy and issuing Orders to colonists

Effects of the Indian American war

• England emerged as the dominant North American power 

• Colonist gained interest of the land W of the Appellation Mountains

• GB war dept

How did the British see the Colonist after the F & IA war

• Saw the colonial military poorly

• British saw the colonies unwilling & unable to defend themselves

How did the colonies feel after the F & IA war?

• proud of the military performance

• not impressed by British military

Colonist Reaction to the Proclamation of 1763

• Colonists were angry and ignored the law

Why were the colonist angry at the time?(proclamations)

could not elect officials to represent them and speak for them 

How did Britain respond to the colonists being angry about their representation?

Argued: Colonists had been represented by the government because they were part of the empire

Sugar Act 1764

• Taxed sugar and luxury items that were foreign 

  • Made to create revenue 

  • Strengthened the Navigation Act

Quartering Act 1765

Required Colonist to house & feed British soldiers

Stamp act 1765

• Required revenue stamps were to be implemented in paper goods 

  • First direct tax collected from those who used goods and were paid by the colonies 

Patrick Henry

Virginian Lawyer

• Demanded the king to confirm citizens rights specifically the right not to be taxed without representation

Declaratory act 1766

Parliament has the right to tax and legislate the colonies that were done by approved officials

Townshend Act 1776

Money taxed from all imports (Money, tea glass) was to the crown and payed their own salaries +Search of homes(for smuggled goods)

How did the colonies respond to the Townshend Act

Repeal all together

• NY and MA agreed to boycott most British goods until repealed

• 1770 Boston massacre : death of 5 colonists

Boston Massacre

British soldiers were stationed in Boston and one day some of them got in a violent confrontation with the colonist resulting in the death of 5 colonist

Boston Tea Party

Colonists disguised themselves as Na and threw the tea overboard 

Tea act 

Gave the British comp a monopoly on American tea trade (told the colonist they could only buy that tea)

Results of the Tea Act

1. Boycotts and protest 

2. Ships with heir tea were not permitted entry 

3. Boston Tea Party 

4. Smaller tea Parties

Intolerable Acts (coercive acts)

Made in anger of colonial resistance

• Closed Boston’s ports until their tea was paid for

• Massachusetts Gov Act reduced the power of the legislator while increasing the power of the royal gov

• Royal Officials were only to be trialed in GB

• Quartering act was expanded to all homes in all colonies

Quebec Act

Law organizing Canadian Lands

James Otis

Called for the Stamp act congress

Sam Adams

Organized programs of resistance

What is Deism

The beliefs that God does not interfere in human affairs or set restrictions

What is Rationalism?

Thinkers trusted people to reason and understand the world and deal through difficulties

Thomas Paine 

An editor that was known for his radical views

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

Argued (stated) the colonies should become independent states and break Political ties with Britain monarchy 

Arguments in Common Sense

1. mercantilism has become oppressive

2. Distance makes English rule absurd

3. England has politically mistreated the colonies 

4. Monarchies are outdated 

The First Continental Congress

Was a meeting of wealthy white men that responded to British threats (to their liberty)

Results of the First continental congress

• Suffolk Resolve

• Continental Association (enforce the economic side of the Suffolk resolve)

• Declared that Colonial rights were Not Recognized

Suffolk Resolve

Was passed in the first continental congress.

• Declared Boycotting of British goods if the Intolerable Acts were not taken down

Bunker Hill June 1775

Colonial militia set up a fort at Bunker hill when the British attacked them they suffered many casualties

British strengths in the revolutionary war

• greater resources

• more people

• Wealthy economy (finance war)

• large & well trained army

• Most powerful navy

Patriots

Colonists who fought against GB

• the soldiers did not want to travel outside their region

Tories (Loyalists)

Those who were still in alliance with the king

• Fought with GB soldiers + supplied weapons & food

• Mostly wealthy (diff backgrounds)

• After the war many move to Canada or GB

Women’s role in the rev war

Supported efforts by running homes and businesses supplying troops and (pre war) organized boycotts

Native American role in the rev war

• Allied with the British

• Independent America was less beneficial for them 

• After the war they are left out of any peace negotiations

African Americans role in the war

• Fought with the British at fist bc GB offered freedom then America did the same and fought for the other side

• Served 8x Longer

Battle of Saratoga 1777

After British failure France made a formal declaration that they would help the colonists

Alliance with France

Positive turning point. France did:

• Secretly provided money & supplies

• Widened the war making GHB use their military on other places

Slave & Democracy after the war

North: Slavery ended 

South: Some let slaves free 

hoped that the slaves would go back to Africa after being free→ Labor was needed→ 1830 extended slavery

Voting rights after the war (rev) 

Property owning qualification for voting was gradually removed from states

Native Americans after the revolutionary war

were seen as obstacles to their growing of the nation and did not believe that they dessert liberty and equality 

Impact of the revolutionary war

Spread Ideas: 

• Right to self Government 

• All people were created equal 

• Individuals have untalkable rights

International impact of the revolutionary war

• French Revolution where the monarchy was overthrown 

• Haitian revolution that ended slavery 

• Latin American Revolutions against European control 

State Constitutions

1. Listed rights that were untakable

2. Had a separation of powers

3. Voting was for white male property owners

4. Those who wanted office positions had to meet a higher property requirement than the voters

What is the separation of powers in State governments

Separated the power of the state

• Legislative powers (elected 2 house legislature)

• Executive powers (elected gov)

Judicial powers (system of courts)
Safeguard for tyranny

Articles of Confederation had:

1. No executive branch (no president) 

2. No judicial branch (just congress) 

3. Need a unanimous vote to change the rules

4. The federal government has no power to tax the people directly (just states)

Negatives of the Articles of Confederation

• Lack of respect from other nations

• Failure to repay debts & post war downturn

• Internal conflict

  • states were against each other

The Articles of Confederation could:

• Wage war 

• Make treaties 

• Send diplomats as reps 

• Borrow money 

The Articles of Confederation could not:

• Regulate commerce 

• Collect taxes 

  • Led to them relying on state taxes 

• Enforce laws 

Accomplishment of the Articles of Confederation

• Independence

• Land Ordinance of 1785

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Art 1 Legislative Branch (congress) 

House of reps + senate 

Art 2 Executive Branch 

President-treaties, commander in chief 

Art 3 Judicial branch 

 Federal & state courts (interpret laws) 

Federalism 

Way in which gov is divided Local-State-National 

Checks & Balances

ways of the branch have ways to check or control the other branches (prevent one branch from gaining power) 

Elastic clause

congress can make all laws “necessary & proper”

Amendment process 

constitution can be formally changed

Unwritten Constitution

thing not specifically listed but followed anyway 

Cabinet

part of the unwritten constitution (not listed)

Secretary of war 

Henry Knox

Secretary of state

Thomas Jefforson

Secretary of treasury 

Alexander Hamilton

Attorney General 

Edmund Randolph 

Federal courts 

constitution only mentioned the Supreme court BUT congress had the power to create smaller lesser courts 

Judiciary act of 1789 

established a Supreme Court: 1 chief justice + 5 associate justices. Making the highest court. + made a system of 13 district courts & 3 circuit courts of appeals 

Hamilton's financial plan

1.  Assume all the state debts are to be combined with the national debt and pay them off together 

2. National Bank (semi public/private) 

3. Big Tax on liquor 

Reaction by the Anti federalist to Hamilton's plan 

(unconstitutional, included Thomas Jefferson)saw it only benefiting the rich at the expense of the indebted farmers 

Solution to Hamilton's Plan 

Agreed to the plan if the capital was moved to Washington DC 

The French revolution (under Washington) 

People supported the F efforts and shocked with the violence they were met with + US ships in French ports were being seized by the GB making them want to join the French BUT Washington proclaimed Neutrality