CONSONANTS IPA TRANSCRIPTIONS

/p/

Makes the '“p” sound

Ex.pip, pipe     

/t/

Makes the “t” sound

Ex. tattoo, today

/k/

Makes the “cuh” sound

also used for c sounds ex. kick, cat

/f/

Makes the “f” sound

Ex. fan, fish

/s/

Also used for c sounds

ex.seek, silk, citrus

/v/

→ van, vroom

/z/

→ zone, zebra

/h/

→ “h” sound

/b/

→ bib, ball

/d/

→ dad, don’t

 /ɡ/

→ gig, gag

/m/

→ mine, money

/n/

→ nine, no

/w/

→ wow, wicked

 /l/

→ like, light

/j/

→ makes the “yuh” sound ex. yellow, yum, yell

/ɹ/

→ upside down r ex. real, race

/r/

→ no tail on r ex. little only used when “t” sounds like a “d”

/θ/

→ soft “th” sound/voiceless ex. three, nothing, death

/ð/

→ hard “th” sound/voiced ex. there, mother, smooth

/tʃ/

→ “ch” ex. chair, child, teacher

/dʒ/

→ “juh” or “j” sound ex. joy, jump, age, judge

/ʃ/

→ “sh” sound ex. shoe, ship, social

/ʒ/

→ “ggg” sounds ex. garage, genre, decision 

/ŋ/

→ “ng” sounds ex. singing, thing

/ʔ/

→ “en” sounds ex. kitten, kien, buckle, certain

/ə/ vs. /ʌ/ distinction

only use /ə/ in unstressed syllables, e.g., /kənˈdʌkt/ (“conduct”)