Part A: Explain quote about history (Does history move people or do people move history?)(Do great men create forces or ride on pre-existing forces) (DaVinci + Galileo)

Part B: Explain the significant events/concepts (ex. Treaties, Humanism, Wars)

Part C: Long answer (Similar to CPT) (Louis XIV or Industrial Revolution)

Important People:

Napoleon : Greatly pushed nationalism in France. Nationalism reached across the globe, greatly due to Napoleon. The Napoleonic Code led many other countries lower class to fight for equal treatment and power. Latin America specifically was greatly changed by Napoleon and nationalism in Europe

Martin Luther

King Louis XIV: Louis XIV is a key example of an absolute monarch. He worked to consolidate his power using key steps

1. Increased taxes on nobility and implemented head tax

2. Allowed “titles of nobility” to commoners

3. Built the Palace of Versailles

4. Employed a large amount of spies

5. Gave economic control to administrators

6. Built a great army and navy

Hobbes: First modern political commentator to promote a secular government; believed human beings are by nature selfish and violent.

• He believed that people fear anarchy enough to surrender their freedom and power to an absolute ruler in exchange for peace, security, and the rule of law.

• Believed people do not have the right to rebel/revolt against sovereign who rules as absolute

• Government designed to control the people not protect or keep people safe, by preventing the state of war

• In “Leviathan” he wrote that naturally their is no government and there is a state of cruelty, stating that people would surrender to the state in exchange for order and protection through the absence of war.

• Largely influenced by the English Civil War

Locke: Constitutionalism best aligns with Locke’s ideology that the state was put in place to protect the natural rights of the citizens, and if a governor was not acting in accordance and protecting these rights, the governed then had the right to revolt.

Rousseau :

Marx : Wrote the communist manifesto, highlighting a perfect communist society.

Marco Polo: 13th century explorer spent over 25 years in Asia and the Orient and wrote extensively of the exotic lands and peoples he encountered. His writings contain the first mention of things like spaghetti, fireworks, and gunpowder, paper money and even some fantastical beings like the “Blemmyae”

Newton

Galileo:

• First to use telescope

• Strongly supported Copernicus’ theory

• Discovered the moon is not smooth, the moons of Jupiter, and sun spots

• Angered the Catholic Church

• Controversy:

  • “I discovered in the heavens many things that had not been seen before our own age.”

  • “I do not believe that the God who endowed us with senses, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use”

  Galileo and Inquisition (1633)

  • was sentenced to life imprisonment

  • forced to recant teachings and admit error

  • “And yet it moves”, after leaving courthouse

The Marquise- One of the women involved in the french salon scene. Women were now able to be included in the sharing of knowledge and ideas.

Machiavelli: Described as the Father of Political Science, Machiavelli wrote the Prince, discusses good political figures, and good politics do not always align with good morals. He discussed realism. individualism, and relativism in his work. He often discussed the role self interest plays in politics

DaVinci- One of the first artists to paint secular subjects with improved technique, used chiaroscuro and other advanced techniques. (examples include the Mona Lisa and The vitruvian Man) also his interest in the sciences and anatomy. Pushing against the church’s beliefs and rules and society

Voltaire

Smith - Created the concept of capitalism

DaVinci

• His works are a clear example of moving history, as he pushed against the status quo, going against what was expected of artists of his time period

• With the Renaissance came an incredible amount of interest in the arts and new learning, with DaVinci being at the focus of this

• His most famous piece, the Mona Lisa, painted in 1503, not only depicted incredible technique such as chiaroscuro, depth and perspective that was not seen in previous years, but it was also one of the few paintings to depict a secular subject, a noblewoman, as opposed to the religious paintings that were expected

• Another way that DaVinci pushed history was his with his interest in anatomy. With anatomical drawings so accurate they could be used in medical classrooms today, DaVinci pushed to understand the workings of the human body to improve his art. The Vitruvian man also showed Da Vinci’s great understanding of joints and muscles in the body. This was unheard of at the time, as the church believed that the inner workings of the body should be left to God, and should not be explored by man. DaVinci pushed boundaries for the sake of knowledge, also pushing history to a more intellectual, secular place.

• While Da Vinci did not solely paint secular works, even his paintings with religious focus’ can draw up controversy. Many believe that Da Vinci drew Mary Magdalene seated beside Jesus in another famous work, The Last Supper, painted around 1495. The church would disagree with the idea that Mary Magdalene was present, stating that only the 12 apostles were with Jesus during the last supper

• Overall, Da Vinci was able to push against conventional beliefs and expectations of his time, painting several portraits of nobles and biblical figures such as John the Baptist, who wouldn’t usually be depicted. Through the moving of the status quo, and the moving of knowledge and art came the moving of history.

Louis XIV

• Due to Louis XIV inheriting a consolidated France by his father, some may say

Ideologies/Concepts:

Humanism: An increase of secularism with emphasis on human achievement

Absolutism: A political theory stating that all power should be vested in ONE ruler. Monarchs justified Absolute rule using the idea of the DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS, that is, God gives them power to rule and because God’s authority cannot be questioned, nor can the monarch’s authority be questioned.

The Renaissance: The Renaissance describes the revival in the interest in classical learning. Heavily focused on intellectualism

The Industrial Revolution: The growth of factories and increase in production rates

The Scientific Revolution (Heliocentrism)

Age of Exploration

The Missionaries

Mercantilism

Capitalism: Created by Adam Smith, encourages the free market

The Reformation

The Enlightenment: Similar to humanism with an increase of philosophers and ideas, with a focus on human intelligence and achievement

Events:

Reform Bill of 1812: Extended the vote to most members of the middle class. An impact of Napoleon.

Congress of Vienna: After the removal of Napoleon from France, the Congress of Vienna was held to establish order between nations as Napoleon had upset the balance, pushing France further than anyone would anticipate. The great powers, Austria, Russia, Prussia, and England, had to decide what would become of Europe post-Napoleon. The congress of Vienna addressed the importance of nations coming together to make decisions and the principles of legitimacy were employed.

Goals Of Congress of vienna:

1. Turn Back the Clock (monarchy, legitimacy, compensation)

2. Prevent future aggression

3. Restore power balance

The Colonial Wars: King Philip’s War took place from 1675 to 1676 between English settlers and Native Americans, Jenkins ear took place from 1739 to 1748 between Spanish and British colonies. Tensions grew between Native Americans and the English after the death of Sassamon, as King Philip was accused of plotting his death. Several campaigns took place over two years, with an incredible amount of Native Americans being killed and captured. King Philip’s War would pave the way for the erasure of the Native Americans by the ENglish on a mass scale.

Underlying causes of Jenkins War included increasing tensions between Spain and England, as an asiento was granted allowing the British to trade with Spanish colonies. This asiento led to British smugglers angering the Spanish. This aggression then caused the Spanish to begin boarding English ships and torturing crew. Although there was tension, they both wanted to avoid tension, so negotiations were made in Pardo in 1739, but terms were quickly broken. Captain Jenkins then claimed that 10 years prior, Spanish authorities boarded his ship and cut off his ear off the coast of Cuba. This was used by Britain to incite war against spain. Minister Walpole would wage war that year. Several battles took place in the Caribbean with some success on both sides, although there were no major occurences.

Treaty of Lodi: In 1454, the treaty of Lodi would create peace and balance of power between Venice / papal states and Milan and Florence. This peace would result in growth of wealth, business, trade, and culture. This peace also protected them from any outside forces. Banking and investment grow, and factories go on to make expensive goods. The arts and education also spread. This allowed the papal states and Venice to truly represent the renaissance

The War of 1812

The 95 Theses: Written by Martin Luther, the 95 Theses were critiques of the church, including the selling of indulgences and other aspects including prayers to saints. His critiques of the Catholic church can be compared to Galileo, as they both believed in God but felt that the church was not accurately sharing his message or following scripture.

Spanish Conquest

30 Years War

The English Civil War

Russian Westernization

Edict of Nantes - Edict was originally passed by Henry IV in 1598, which gave legitimacy to both Protestant and Catholic faiths in France. Its impacts can most clearly be seen in its reenactment, done by Louis XIV. This drew Protestants away from France and to England, increasing England’s wealth and business