Anatomy ch. 7 test

Describe a lifestyle that may prevent the development of osteoporosis (GENETIC ENDOWMENT)

Describe a lifestyle that may prevent the development of osteoporosis (GENETIC ENDOWMENT)

Dark skinned people are less apt to get osteoporosis; men are also less likely to get it- it’s just genetics

Describe a lifestyle that may prevent the development of osteoporosis (NUTRITION)

High intake of calcium and vitamin D with dietary supplements starting at an early age helps offset bone loss

Describe a lifestyle that may prevent the development of osteoporosis (ACTIVITY)

Regular stress on bone can produce mild hypertrophy. This will also help offset bone loss

Describe a lifestyle that may prevent the development of osteoporosis (DRUG TREATMENT)

Estrogen replacement in women helps to reduce bone loss

Turning the palms of hands upward

Supination

Shrugging the shoulders

Elevation

Bending the arm at the elbow

Flexion

Reaching for an object that is just beyond ones reach

Protraction

Turning the hands down so the palms face the floor

Pronation

Moving the legs apart in an “at ease” position

Abduction

Moving the legs together in an “attention” position

Adduction

Swiveling the head

Rotation or circumduction

Drawing a large circle on the blackboard

Circumduction

Pointing the toes together with the heels apart

Inversion

What is osteoporosis

Loss of bone mass, primarily occurs in light skinned women; drop of estrogen, easy to fracture due to loss of Ca

How is calcium released from bone so that it is available for physiologic processes

OsteoClasts release Ca+2

What are the major inorganic salts stored in bone?

Calcium (Ca+2) and phosphate (PO4-3)

What is the difference between red marrow and yellow marrow?

Red- blood

Yellow- store fat

What bones function primarily to provide support?

The feet, legs, and spine

Whats high stress

Hypertrophy

Whats low stress

Atrophy

What do osteoBLASTS do

Make bone

What do osteoCLASTS do

Break down bone

When is ossification complete?

When the disks harden- late 20’s

What bones are endochondral bones

Long bones

What bones are intramembranous bones

Flat bones (skull)

Moving the parts at a joint so that the angle between them is increased is called

Extension

The type of joint that permits the widest range of motion is

Ball and socket

The function of bursae is to

facilitate movement of tendons over bones

Synovial membrane is found in

Freely moveable joints

Fibrous joints are

immovable; Ex. Sutures of skull, teeth

Cartilaginous joints are

Disks of Fibrocartilage, slightly moveable; Ex. Vertebra

Synovial joints are

Very moveable; ex. The knee, arms, legs

Ball and socket joint example

Hip and shoulder joint

Condyloma joint example

Joint between a metacarpal and a phalange

Gliding joint example

Joint of wrist or ankle

Pivot joint example

Axis and atlas; proximal ends of radius and ulna

Saddle joint example

Joint between trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb

What part of the vertebral column acts as a shock absorber

Intervertebral disks

The upper jaw is formed by the

Maxillae

The only moveable bone of the skull is the

Mandible

The hormone associated with the development of osteoporosis is

Estrogen

Which of the following salts is normally stored in bone

Calcium

The bones most often affected by osteoporosis

Hips and vertebrae

To accomplish movement, bones and muscles function together to act as

Levers

The gap between broken ends of fractured bone is filled by a

Cartilaginous callous (bones callous)

When a bone is fractured, a hematoma is formed from blood escaping from the

Periosteum and blood vessels within the bones

The band of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers in long bones is called the

Epiphyseal disk

Bones that develop masses of hyaline cartilage are called

Endochondral boens

Bones that develop from layers of membranous connective tissue are called

Intramembranous bone

Bone that consists of numerous branching bony plates separated by irregular spaces is called

Spongy bone

Bone that consists of mainly tightly packed tissue is called

Compact bone

To what part of the bone do tendons and ligaments attach

Periosteum

The shaft of the long bone is the

Diaphysis

The hardest most enduring human tissue is

Bone

The major limitation of cartilage in the knee is it cant

Regenerate

Whats at 1?

Articular cartilage

Whats at 2?

Spongy bone

Whats at 3

Space with red marrow

Whats at 4

Compact bone

Whats at 5

Medullary cavity

Whats at 6

Yellow marrow

Whats at 7

Periosteum

Whats at 8

Epiphyseal disk

Whats at 9

Proximal diaphysis

Whats at 10

Diaphysis

What’s at 11

Distal epiphysis

Scoliosis

Spine curves left or right

Kyphosis

Hunchback (too much curve in upper back)

Lordosis

Swayback (too much curve in lower back)

Spina bifida

Missing backbone, spinal chord is exposed

Incomplete fracture (green stick)

Not all the way through

Transverse fracture

Across the bone (straight through)

Oblique fracture

Angled fracture with sharp edge

Spiral fracture

Sharp point, spirals

Longitudinal fracture

Length of the bone (vertically), starts off small

Comminuted fracture

Breaks into pieces

Compound fracture

Bone outside of body (gangrene, shock)