Unit 6 Terms and Definitions

Study for Quiz January 23!

Aboriginal

Aboriginal

People that have been in Australia for an estimated 50,000 years and have the oldest continuous culture on Earth

African Slave Trade

The transportation by slave traders of various enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas

Afrikaners

The descendants of 17th century Dutch settlers

Apartheid

Racial segregation. Plagued South Africa during the 20th century

Banana Republics

O. Henry's description of small Central American countries under the economic power of foreign-based corporations

Berlin Conference

A meeting of European powers to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa

Blue-collar

(skilled) Relating to manual work or workers, particularly in industry.

Boer Wars

British and Afrikaners who continued to fight over Cape Colony.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign, anti-Christian and anti-imperialist uprising which was staged in China, that killed 100,000 people most of which were Christians

Cacique

Hereditary chief

Caliphate

The Muslim ruler of an area

Canal System

Man-made canals in each state that have been given a name and may consist of a narrow irrigation or drainage ditch to a larger ship, municipal water and/or irrigation canal

Cape Colony

Southern tip of Africa.

Capital

The value of accumulated assets.

Cash Crops

What farmers grew for their commercial value rather than for use by those who grew them

Chinatowns

Chinese enclaves that developed in cities across Australia and United States

Chinese Exclusion Act

United States Congress banned further Chinese immigration.

Colonial Service

Managers for plantations or other colonial enterprises.

Colonization

The action or process of settling among and establishing control over an area.

Colonization Society

Encouraging workers to take seasonal contract work in other areas to ease the burden of overpopulation.

Concentration Camps

A place where large numbers of people are deliberately imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities.

Congo Free State

A large state in Central Africa that was privately owned by Leopold II of Belgium

Convicts

A person declared guilty of a criminal offense and serving a sentence of imprisonment

Corn Laws

Regulating of the import and export of grain in Ireland

Corve'e laborers

Unpaid workers who were forced to work on the project as a form of taxation.

Criollos

Spanish born in America

Culture Systems

Forced farmers to choose between growing cash crops for export or performing corvee labor

Diaspora

Mass emigration from a country or region that may take place over a period of many years.

Economic Imperialism

Where foreign business interests have great economic power or influence. Developed as businesses took advantage of natural resources beyond their borders.

Emigrate

Leave one's own country in order to settle permanently in another.

Ethnic enclaves

Clusters of neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country which formed in many major cities of the world

Export Economies

Demand for raw materials that could be processed into manufactured goods and shipped away - often back to the providers of raw materials

Gentlemen's Agreement

U.S. - Japanese informal understanding in which Japan agreed not to issue passports to emigrants to the United States

Ghost Dance

Rituals of dances and songs that Native Americans did that were meant to hasten an event.

Gold Rush

A rapid movement of people to a newly discovered goldfield. First major one was in California in 1848-49

Great Famine

Destroyed the potato crop in Ireland for 4 years

Great Game

Rivalry between Russia and Britain for dominance in Afghanistan

Groundnuts

Another name for peanuts

Guano

Bat and seabird excrement, rich in nitrates and phosphates, used to make excellent natural fertilizer

Imperialism

Establishment of overseas empires

Indentured Servants

People who worked for a set number of years before becoming free. Aka Indentured Laborer

Indian National Congress

British educated Indians who began to call for self-rule

Indian Rebellion of 1857

aka Sepoy Mutiny, An uprising that spread throughout India in protesting Britain's use of cow and pig fat for their riffles

Indian Territory

Land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans

Indochina

A group of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia

Kangani

A foreman who oversees workers (Southeast Asia)

Kangani System

System in which entire families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations in Ceylon

Mahdi

"guided one" to restore the glory of Islam.

Maistry

Supervisor (Southeast Asia)

Manifest Destiny

A natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean.

Maori

Original inhabitants of New Zealand

Mauritius

Islands off the southeast coast of Africa

Meiji Restoration

Japan overthrew its traditional government and began to rapidly industrialize.

Mohandas Gandhi

A young Indian that arrived in Pretoria, south Africa, in 1893, where he intended to practice law but instead became an activist

Monocultures

The cultivation of a single crop in a given area.

Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe issued a declaration that stated that European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Natal

A colony that is today part of south Africa

Nationalism

Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests.

Open Door Policy

Allowed a system of trade in China to be open to all countries equally in order to keep any one power from total control of China.

Opium

An addictive drug that also relieves pain and reduces stress

Pampas

Grassy plains in Argentina

Pan-Africanism

Western-educated Africans who had a shared identity and nationalism

Penal Colony

A settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location.

Phrenologist

People who have studied skull sizes and shapes

Plantation Syndicate

A group of British weaving companies, dictated land use to farmers.

Popular Culture

Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated elite

Proclamation of 1763

British issued that reserved all land between the Appalachian Mountain and the Mississippi River for native Americans. The first time a European government had recognized the territorial rights of indigenous people

Pseudoscientists

People who presented theories as science that are actually incompatible with the scientific method

Quasi

Seemingly; apparently but not reality. Being partly or almost.

Quinine

A medicine that treats the tropical disease malaria, which reduced the danger of living in warm, humid regions

Refined materials

To free from impurities or unwanted materials (examples; metal, sugar, oil)

Remittance

Funds from foreign earnings

Roosevelt Corollary

Stated that if countries in Latin America demonstrated "instability", the United States would intervene

Scots-Irish

Irish who came to North America that were Protestant descendants of Scots who had previously migrated to Ireland. Most came as indentured servants

"Scramble for Africa"

Tensions among industrialized European nations as they competed for natural resource and to colonize Africa

Second Generation

People born in the United Sates, with at least one first-generation (immigrant) parent

Sepoys

An Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders

Settler colony

Replaces the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers

Siam

Modern-day Thailand

Social Darwinism

Adapted Darwin's theory of biological evolution to society.

Spheres of Influence

A country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

Standard of Living

The degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community

Subsistence farming

When people raised enough food to live on.

"Survival of the fittest"

Advocates used this theory that argued that the spread of European and U.S. powers proved the biological superiority of whites

Taiping Rebellion

A massive rebellion or civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Trail of Tears

The relocation of the Native Americans from Eastern Woodlands to Southeast United States (Oklahoma). Many Natives died on the trek

Treaty of Nanking

Required China to open up four additional ports to foreigners, cede the island of Hong Kong to Britain, pay damages to Britain

Treaty of Paris

Transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States

Treaty of Tientsin

Followed the second Opium Wars. Allowed foreign envoys to reside in Beijing, opened several new ports to Western trade and residence, and allowed freedom of movement for Christian missionaries. Opium was legalized. China ceded to Britain the southern portion of Kowloon Peninsula

Treaty of Waitangi

Guaranteed the rights of the original Maori inhabitants would be protected by the British crown

Unskilled Laborers

A segment of the workforce associated with a limited skill set or minimal economic value for the work performed.

Vulcanization

A chemical process in which the rubber is heated with sulfur, accelerator and activator to create a stronger rubber. Charles Goodyear developed

White Australia Policy

Aimed to forbid people of non-European ethnic origin form immigrating to Australia starting in 1901

White-collar

Relating to the work done or those who work in an office or other professional environment (their collar stays white - they don't get dirty)