Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System

Mucosa

________- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) consists of an aggregate of lymphoid follicles directly associated with the mucous membrane epithelia.

IgG

________ is a major antibody of late primary responses and the main antibody of secondary responses in the blood.

Seroconversion

________ is the reciprocal relationship between virus levels in the blood and antibody levels.

Blood pressure

________ causes leakage of fluid from the capillaries, resulting in the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space- that is, spaces between individual cells in the tissues.

IgM

________ consists of five four- chain structures (20 total chains with 10 identical antigen- binding sites) and is thus the largest of the antibody molecules.

Bronchus

________- associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) consists of lymphoid follicular structures with an overlying epithelial layer found along the bifurcations of the bronchi, and between bronchi and arteries.

Neutralization

________ is the process of coating a pathogen with antibodies, making it physically impossible for the pathogen to bind to receptors.

IgA

________ exists in two forms, a four- chain monomer in the blood and an eight- chain structure, or dimer, in exocrine gland secretions of the mucous membranes, including mucus, saliva, and tears.

Central tolerance

________ is the destruction or inactivation of B cells that recognize self- antigens in the bone marrow, and its role is critical and well established.

IgE

________ is usually associated with allergies and anaphylaxis.

Vasodilation

________- Many inflammatory mediators such as histamine are vasodilators that increase the diameters of local capillaries.

thymus gland

The ________ is a bilobed organ found in the space between the sternum and the aorta of the heart.

small intestine

In the ________, dietary triglycerides combine with other lipids and proteins, and enter the lacteals to form a milky fluid called chyle.

Tissue Injury

________- The released contents of injured cells stimulate the release of mast cell granules and their potenT inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.

macrophage

A(n) ________ is an irregularly shaped phagocyte that is amoeboid in nature and is the most versatile of the phagocytes in the body.

excess fluids

The lymphatic system is the system of vessels, cells, and organs that carries ________ to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood.

neutrophil

A(n) ________ is a phagocytic cell that is attracted via chemotaxis from the bloodstream to infected tissues.

polyclonal response

A(n) ________ is the stimulation of multiple T cell clones.

complement system

The ________ is a series of proteins constitutively found in the blood plasma.

Opsonization

________ is the tagging of a pathogen for phagocytosis by the binding of an antibody or an antimicrobial protein.

Tonsils

________ are lymphoid nodules located along the inner surface of the pharynx and are important in developing immunity to oral pathogens.

Interferons

________ are an example of early induced proteins.

peripheral tolerance

In ________, functional, mature B cells leave the bone marrow but have yet to be exposed to self- antigen.

antibody

A(n) ________ is any of the group of proteins that binds specifically to pathogen- associated molecules known as antigens.

phagocyte

A(n) ________ is a cell that is able to surround and engulf a particle or cell, a process called phagocytosis.

Adaptive Immune Response

The ________: B- lymphocytes and Antibodies.

Macrophage oxidative metabolism

________ is hostile to intracellular bacteria, often relying on the production of nitric oxide to kill the bacteria inside the macrophage.

chemokine

A(n) ________ is a soluble chemical mediator similar to cytokines except that its function is to attract cells (chemotaxis) from longer distances.

lymphoid organs

The ________ are where lymphocytes mature, proliferate, and are selected, which enables them to attack pathogens without harming the cells of the body.

cytokine

A(n) ________ is signaling molecule that allows cells to communicate with each other over short distances.

negative selection

In ________, self- antigens are brought into the thymus from other parts of the body by professional antigen- presenting cells.

Recruitment of Phagocytes

________- Leukotrienes are particularly good at attracting neutrophils from the blood to the site of infection by chemotaxis.

Tissue typing

________ is the determination of MHC molecules in the tissue to be transplanted to better match the donor to the recipient.

clone

A(n) ________ is a group of lymphocytes that share the same antigen receptor.

Lymph

________ is the term used to describe interstitial fluid once it has entered the lymphatic system.

T

An antigen is a chemical structure on the surface of a pathogen that binds to ________ or B lymphocyte antigen receptors.

Lymphocytes

________ develop and mature in the primary lymphoid organs, but they mount immune responses from the secondary lymphoid organs.

immune systems

The ________ first exposure to a pathogen is called a primary adaptive response.

thoracic duct itself

The ________ begins just beneath the diaphragm in the cisterna chyli, a sac- like chamber that receives lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs by way of the left and right lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk.

thoracic duct

The lymph from the rest of the body enters the bloodstream through the ________ via all the remaining lymphatic trunks.

naïve lymphocyte

A(n) ________ is one that has left the primary organ and entered a secondary lymphoid organ.

heavy chain

The ________ and the light chain are the two polypeptides that form the antibody.

T cell

A(n) ________- dependent antigen, on the other hand, usually is not repeated to the same degree on the pathogen and thus does not crosslink surface antibody with the same efficiency.

pattern recognition receptor

A(n) ________ (PRR) is a membrane- bound receptor that recognizes characteristic features of a pathogen and molecules released by stressed or damaged cells.

Clonal selection

________ is the process of antigen binding only to those T cells that have receptors specific to that antigen.

T cell

The ________, on the other hand, does not secrete antibody but performs a variety of functions in the adaptive immune response.

immune system

The ________ is the complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralizes pathogens that would otherwise cause disease or death.

Tissue Injury

The released contents of injured cells stimulate the release of mast cell granules and their potenT inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins

Vasodilation

Many inflammatory mediators such as histamine are vasodilators that increase the diameters of local capillaries

Recruitment of Phagocytes

Leukotrienes are particularly good at attracting neutrophils from the blood to the site of infection by chemotaxis

The Adaptive Immune Response

T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types

The Adaptive Immune Response

B-lymphocytes and Antibodies