Biochem Chapter 10

What are the storage lipids?

What are the storage lipids?

triacylglycerols and waxes

What are the membrane lipids?

1. phospholipids

2. Glycolipids

3. Ether lipids

4. Sterols

What are triacylglycerols?

chemical form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body

How are lipids circulated in the blood?

through lipoproteins

What is the backbone of storage lipids?

glycerol

What are the arms/legs of storage lipids?

fatty acids

How many carbons are in short chain fatty acids?

2-6

How many carbons are in medium chain fatty acids?

6-12

How many carbons are in long chain fatty acids?

12-20

How many carbons are in very long chain fatty acids?

greater than 22

What are the characteristics of standard system of naming fatty acids?

starts with carbonyl carbon

What are the characteristics of the alternative system of naming fatty acids?

Starts with last carbon, only for PUFAs

What are the characteristics for natural fatty acids?

1. even carbons

2. unbranched

3. Double bond always start at carbon 9

4. nonconjugated

5. mostly cis

What are the characteristics of arachidonic acid?

20 carbons and double bonds at carbon 5,8,11, and 14

What are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?

Lower melting point and liquid at room temp

What are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

higher melting point and solid at room temp

What happens natural fats/oils are chemically hydrogenated?

1. Increases saturation

2. Increases melting point

3. Cis to trans transition

What do trans fats do to health?

1. increases LDLs

2. Increases risk of CHD

3. Decreases HDLs

4. High LDL/HDL ratio

What are the characteristics of waxes?

Contain long chain fatty acids and repel water

What are the characteristics of membrane lipids?

1. About 50% of mass of animal cells

2. Amphipathic molecules

3. Regulate transport of polar molecules

4. Some function as signal transduction molecules

What are the three type of membrane lipids?

Phospholipids, Glycolipids and Ether lipids

What is an example of a phospholipid with a glycerol backbone?

Phosphatidyl serine

What is an example of a phospholipid with a sphingosine backbone?

Sphingomyelin

What is an example of a glycolipid with a glycerol backbone?

Galactolipid

What is an example of a glycolipid with a sphingosine backbone?

Gangliosides and blood group antigens

What is an example of a ether lipid with a glycerol backbone?

plasmalogen, platelet activating factor

What are the characteristics of blood determinant groups?

1. found on surface of RBCs

2. Made up Galactose, glucose, Fucose, and GalNac

What happens when Beta galactosidase is defective?

Generalized gangliosidosis

What happens when hexosaminidase A is defective?

Tay-Sachs disease

What happens when hexosaminidase A and B are defective?

Sandhoff’s disease

What happens when alpha galactosidase A is defective?

Fabry’s disease

What happens when glucocerebrosidase is defective?

Gaucher’s disease

What happens when sphingomyelinase is defective?

Neiman-Pick disease

What substrate generates a lot of eicosanoids?

Arachidonic acid

What does Prostaglandin E1 do?

1. 5C ring compound

2. Regulates muscle contraction

3. Regulates blood flow to tissues

4. Regulates hormone response

5. Regulates body temperature

What does Thromboxane A2 do?

1. 6C ring compounds produced by platelets

2. Regulate Blood flow and Clotting

3. Regulate Body temperate

What does Leukotriene A4, D4 do?

1. Compounds with three conjugated double bonds

2. Induce contraction of smooth muscle in Asthma Anaphylactic shock and allergic reactions

What inhibits Prostaglandin E1 and Thromboxane A2?

NSAIDs

What inhibits Leukotriene A4, D2?

Antiasthmatic Drugs

What are the characteristics of Sterols?

1. Present in plasma membranes of most eukaryotic cells

2. Composed of a steroid nucleus and alkyl side chain

3. Has 4 rings, planer and hydrophobic

4. Precursor for bile acids and steroid hormones

What are the characteristics of steroid hormones?

1. Intra and inter-cellular messengers

2. Oxidized derivatives of sterols

3. Transported by carrier proteins

4. Regulate gene express

5. Inhibit Phospholipase A2 for anti-inflammatory activity

What are the characteristics of Phosphatidylinositol?

1. Intracellular signaling

2. Hormone action

3. Cell division

4. Cell differentiation

5. Apoptosis

What are the characteristics of Isoprenoids?

1. 5C compounds

2. Lipid soluble

What are some examples of Isoprenoids?

Vitamins A, D, E and K

What does Vitamin A1 do?

Visual Pigment; hormone

What happens during Vitamin A1 deficiency?

Night blindness, dry skin and slowed development

What does Vitamin D3 do?

Calcium uptake, bone formation

What happens when there is Vitamin D3 deficiency?

Rickets

What does vitamin E do?

Antioxidants

What happens when there is a Vitamin E deficiency?

Muscle weakness, fragile erythrocytes

What does vitamin K do?

Prothrombin cofactor

What happens when there is Vitamin K deficiency?

Slow blood clotting

What does Coenzyme Q do?

Electron transport, enzyme cofactor

What does Dolichols do?

Sugar carrier, glycoprotein synthesis

What does Warfarin do?

Anticoagulant

What do gangliosides do?

1. Concentrated on outer surface

2. Recognition sites for extracellular molecules

3. Constantly changing cell membrane composition