reversed definitions ch 13

digestion

mechanical and chemical processing of food in the gastrointestinal tract

poikilotherms

animals whose internal temperature varies with the environmental temperature

extracellular compartment

general term for the fluid reservoir that exists outside cells

osmoreceptor

type of cell specialized to detect changes in the concentration of salt in the extracellicular fluid

motivated behavior

Behavior that is impelled by a "drive" to obtain some environmental resource

set point

the particular value of some internal parameter, such as temperature or weight, that the body's homeostatic mechanisms will maintain

obligatory losses

unavoidable losses of some essential component of the body to the environment

insulin

pancreatic hormone that stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen and promotes glucose utilisation by cells

fixed proteins

Proteins that have broken down and reformed at random due to heating

bilipid layers

The major components of the extracellular membrane

homeostasis

maintenance of critical internal parameters, such as temperature, fluids and energy, at relatively constant values

krill

small shrimplike organisms, found in the Arctic ocean, which manufacture a type of 'antifreeze'

diabetes insipidus

disorder in which vasopressin is not reduced, resulting in excessive urinary output of water

homeotherms

animals that maintain a constant internal temperature energy

glucose transporter

Transmembrane protein that conveys glucose into the cell

thermoregulation

active process of regulating one's own temperature, by any method

bulimia

disorder characterized by cycles of gorging and purging

metabolism

the utilization of energy and nutrients by the body

chemical bonds

physico-chemical links between the atoms that make up a molecule, which, when broken, liberate energy

kilocalorie

The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one liter of water by one Celsius degree

conditioned taste aversion

a form of single-trial learning in which illness is associated with the taste of a novel food

ectotherms

animals that regulate their internal temperature by collecting warmth from the environment

surface-to-volume ratio

Characteristic of the shape and size of the body that determines the rate at which heat is radiated

brood patch

Specialized highly vascularized area used in incubation

oxygen consumption

A measure of rate of metabolism

torpor

state in which an animal ceases overt behavior, and metabolism decreases to very low levels

anaerobic metabolism

cellular processes that occur in the absence of oxygen

intracellular compartment

general term for the fluid reservoir contained within the cells of the body

glucose

the most important sugar

blood plasma

the fluid that carries blood cells

osmosis

passive movement of molecules from one location to another

preen gland

Source of specialized substances that birds use to maintain the insulating properties of feathers

semipermeable membrane

membrane through which only particular types of molecules are allowed to pass

solvent

material into which something else dissolves

solute

substance that dissolves into a carrier medium

osmotic pressure

propensity of a substance to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

osmolality

the concentration of a solute in a solution

isotonic

name for a solution that has the same concentration of solute as a reference solution, which is often physiological saline

hypotonic

name for a solution that has a lower concentration of solute than a reference solution, which is often a physiological saline

hypertonic

name for a solution that has a higher concentration of solute than a reference solution, which is often physiological saline

hypovolemic thirst

Thirst that arises from a loss of both water and solutes

baroreceptors

cell specialized to detect changes in blood pressure

vasopressin

pituitary hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict and also causes the kidneys to reduce their output of water

Brattleboro rats

Rats that do not make vasopressin

angiotensin II

hormone whose production is regulated by the kidney; it causes blood vessel constriction and triggers the release of vasopressin

set zone

The narrow range of values of some internal parameter, such as temperature or weight, which the body's homeostatic mechanisms will maintain

Zucker rats

Type of obese rat that has defective leptin receptors

circumventricular organs

Specialized brain regions that have access to blood substance due to a diminished blood-brain barrier and access to CSF

osmotic thirst

thirst triggered by a loss of water alone

interstitial fluid

the solution that surrounds and bathes the cells of the body

nutrient

a food substance that is used for growth or cellular repair, but not energy

brown adipose tissue

specialized tissue containing a large number of mitochondria; used to generate warmth in endotherms

essential amino acid

a 'protein part' that must be obtained from dietary sources

fatty acids

metabolites of fat that can be used by the body, but not in the brain, for energy

basal metabolism

the rate at which the body uses energy in order to carry out ongoing cellular processes, such as producing heat or action potentials

Kleiber equation

Expression that relates the rate of energy expenditure (metabolism) to body weight

glycogen

a form of complex carbohydrate in which glucose is stored by the liver

glucagon

pancreatic hormone that stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose

aldosterone

adrenal hormone that reduces excretion of sodium by the kidney

adipose

fat tissue

glucodetector

A cell specialized for detecting levels of glucose in the body

negative feedback system

method of controlling some stat at a constant value, through the ongoing use of information from the body

neuropeptide Y, galanin, melanocortin

Peptide neurotransmitters that may contribute to hunger and that are suppressed by leptin

diabetes mellitus

disorder in which insulin secretion is decreased or abolished

glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

A protein found on the surface of pancreatic cells, against which the body may be prompted to produce antibodies as an accidental consequence of infection by a virus

cholecystokinin (CCK)

gut peptide that also functions as a neurotransmitter and that may or may not provide a satiety cue to the brain

endotherms

collective name for animals that regulate their internal temperature by producing warmth

neophobia

tendency of many animals to eat only a tiny amount of food when it is encountered for the first time

dual-center theory

Early proposal that hunger and satiety were controlled by two hypothalamic nuclei, acting in opposition

hyperphagia

overeating

ob/ob

Type of mutant mouse that is deficient in the production of leptin and that becomes obese

antidiuretic hormone

another name for vasopressin

orexins

Novel class of neuropeptides that may stimulate hunger

anorexia nervosa

disorder involving severe dietary restriction

mitochondria

cellular organelles that liberate energy from molecules

leptin

protein secreted by fat cells that may inform the brain about the fat composition of the body