CJ 350: Chapter 10 Textbook

What was the percentage increase in juvenile murder and manslaughter arrests from 1983 to 1993?

Juvenile murder and manslaughter arrests increased by 128% from 1983 to 1993.

How much did violent crime among juveniles rise from 1986 to 1995?

Violent crime among juveniles rose by 67% from 1986 to 1995.

By what percentage did arrests of female adolescents rise from 1983 to 1992?

Arrests of female adolescents rose by over 25% from 1983 to 1992.

What proportion of all juvenile arrests did girls account for from 1994 to 1995?

Girls accounted for one-fourth of all juvenile arrests from 1994 to 1995.

How much did arrests of females for violent offenses increase from 1985 to 1994?

Arrests of females for violent offenses more than doubled from 1985 to 1994.

What is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses for girls, according to epidemiological studies?

Conduct disorder is among the most common psychiatric diagnoses for girls.

What did early theories of female delinquency emphasize as a cause or expression of delinquent behavior?

Early theories emphasized sexuality as either the cause or expression of females' delinquent behavior.

What was proposed as the cause of female delinquency in early theories?

The deceitful nature of women was proposed as a result of practice at faking sexual arousal.

What factors distinguished female from male delinquents in the 1960s?

Factors like the prevalence of sex delinquents and vague status-type offenses were documented.

What reason did many girls give for running away from home?

Many girls claimed they ran away due to sexual advances by relatives.

What stigma did female delinquency acquire from early studies?

Female delinquency acquired a stigma not associated with male delinquency.

How were female delinquents historically treated compared to males?

They were historically charged with immorality and were treated more harshly than males.

What exists in the juvenile justice system regarding female and male delinquency?

There is a sexual double standard in the juvenile justice system.

How do gender differences manifest in official delinquency statistics?

There are considerable gender differences in official delinquency.

How are adolescent females treated differently from males in terms of arrests?

Adolescent females are arrested less frequently and have their cases handled informally.

How does the likelihood of being adjudicated differ between female and male adolescents?

Females are less likely to be adjudicated or remanded to adult court than males.

For what types of offenses are female adolescents more often arrested?

Female adolescents are arrested for less serious offenses more often than males.

How are female delinquents treated compared to male delinquents?

Female delinquents are treated more leniently than male delinquents.

How does the juvenile justice system treat female delinquents compared to males in relation to status offenses?

The juvenile justice system discriminates against female delinquents for status offenses.

How does self-report delinquency data reinforce bias toward arresting female adolescents?

Self-report data indicate that females and males commit similar rates of minor offenses.

How does the juvenile justice system's commitment to parens patriae concept affect female delinquents?

It allows discretionary application to hold females accountable for behavior not serious if committed by males.

What procedure has raised concern in the juvenile justice system?

The procedure of bootstrapping raises concern.

What does bootstrapping refer to in juvenile justice?

Bootstrapping refers to the rearrest of previously adjudicated minors upon a violation of a court order.

What has bootstrapping resulted in for female delinquents?

More females being adjudicated and incarcerated for status offenses.

What trends have been observed in arrest and incarceration rates of female delinquents for status offenses?

Rising arrest and incarceration rates of female delinquents for status offenses.

What accusation has been made against the juvenile justice system regarding female delinquents?

Bias against female delinquents in determining their disposition.

Does processing female delinquents informally lead to less serious restrictive dispositions?

No, it hasn't led to less serious dispositions.

What did the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 emphasize?

Diversion and deinstitutionalization of juvenile delinquents.

How do female and male status offenders differ in terms of referrals to juvenile court?

Female status offenders are more often referred for running away.

How do dispositions for female and male status offenders differ?

Female status offenders more often receive formal probation.

How did the percentages of female and male status offenders detained and placed out-of-home compare between 1989 and 1993?

The percentages were quite comparable.

How do arrest rates for offenses against persons and property compare between males and females?

More males are arrested, but the percentage of adolescent females arrested has increased.

How did the growth rate of female juvenile arrests compare to male juvenile arrests between 1989 and 1993?

The growth rate of female arrests was more than twice that of male arrests.

How did violent crime arrests for females compare to males from 1985 to 1994?

Increased by 125% for females compared to 67% for males.

What trend has been observed in property crime arrest rates for female juveniles?

Continued increase in property crime arrest rates.

How did female and male arrests for property crimes change from 1989 to 1993?

Female arrests climbed 22%, while male arrests dropped by 3%.

How do the growth rates of female and male juvenile arrests for non-index offenses compare?

Female juvenile arrests exceed the growth rates of male arrests.

What has been the focus of intervention efforts for delinquent females?

Intervention with community, families, and mental health needs.

How do males and females generally respond to treatment in foster care?

Males generally improve steadily, while females show delayed problem behaviors.

Why might treatment strategies for male delinquents not work for female delinquents?

Female delinquents' needs and experiences may significantly differ.

What impact did original theories about the sexual etiology of female delinquency have?

They were stigmatizing and led to stereotyping of female delinquents.

What approach has been taken in understanding female delinquency in relation to male delinquency?

Applying the same concepts that dominate male delinquency research.

What issues exist with the sampling in studies of female delinquency?

Primarily sampling Caucasians and omitting certain family structures.

What criticisms exist regarding reliance on self-report delinquency inventories?

They underrepresent serious offenses while overrepresenting minor offenses.

What limitation do cross-sectional designs in delinquency research have?

They provide correlational information but little evidence of causes of offending.

How did familiarity with delinquent peers differ between females in mixed-sex vs all-girl schools?

Females in mixed-sex schools were more familiar with delinquent peers.

How do females with criminal records compare to noncriminal women in terms of behavior?

Less prosocial behavior and more bullying aggression in childhood.

How does disruptive behavior in first grade affect later delinquency?

Direct effect on later delinquent behavior.

How do girls and boys with early-onset conduct problems compare?

More alike than different in treatment effects.

What is the impact of sexual victimization and physical abuse on drug use?

Sexual victimization has a direct effect, while physical abuse has both direct and indirect effects.

How do attachments influence delinquent behavior in males and females?

Similar direction and predictive power for both genders.

How does family attachment affect delinquency in youths?

Important in inhibiting delinquency among all youths.

What key predictors of delinquency exist for females?

Identity support, conflict, instrumental communication, and parental disapproval.

How does mother-adolescent conflict differ between families of female and male delinquents?

More mother-adolescent conflict in families of female delinquents.

How do parental controls affect delinquency in males and females?

More effective for males, especially in mid-adolescence.

How do female delinquents view their parents compared to non-delinquent females?

More negative view of their parents.

What are key issues for female delinquents regarding parental influence?

Quality of parental influence and control.

How do delinquent females' relationships differ from males' in terms of intimacy and trust?

More likely to engage in intimate self-disclosure and caring friendships.

How do female gangs differ from male gangs?

Developmental and functional processes differ.

How does a female gang typically emerge in relation to a male gang?

Typically emerges after a male gang is established.

What is the stereotypical gang role for girls?

Conceal weapons, provide sexual favors, and fight against rival gangs.

What is one of the best predictors of delinquent behavior for boys?

Academic difficulties.

How does strain theory explain the link between school experiences and delinquency?

Unpleasant school experiences lead to frustration and increased delinquency.

According to control theory, what factors contribute to school failure and delinquent behavior?

Lack of attachment to parents and teachers.

What does the power control theory of delinquency explain?

Why gender differences in delinquency decline with class structure.

How is class defined in the power control theory?

By the power the mother or father wields at work.

How do parents in the command class differ from those in the obey class?

Command class supervises others, obey class does not.

How is the family defined in the power control theory?

Defined as egalitarian.

When is the family classified as patriarchal in power control theory?

When the father has a higher class position than the mother.

What does the power control theory suggest about girls' delinquency compared to boys'?

Girls in egalitarian families and boys in patriarchal families are assumed most delinquent-prone.

How do identification and monitoring by mothers affect female adolescents' delinquency?

Lead to reduced risk-taking and delinquent behavior.

What happens in egalitarian families regarding daughters' behavior?

Daughters gain freedom, leading to more delinquency.

What is a better predictor of delinquent behavior according to the power control theory?

Family social class.

How have misconceptions about females influenced research on female delinquency?

They have been incorporated into research attributing increases in female delinquency to feminism.

What was assumed about the impact of the women's liberation movement on women's perceptions?

It altered women's perceptions of needs and abilities.

Why were women and female adolescents thought to be committing more crimes?

Perceived as less legitimate access to opportunities or changing gender roles.

How did Black and white female delinquents perceive their opportunities?

Less positively than nondependent females.

Was the perception of gender-based blocked opportunities correlated with female delinquency?

No, it was not correlated.

How is a masculine sex role associated with delinquency in females?

Has not been associated with increased frequency of any delinquency category.

How does having more masculine traits relate to delinquency in females?

Less involved in delinquency.

What is the relationship between liberated attitudes among females and delinquency?

Minimal association.

How do traditional gender attitudes compare to liberated attitudes in terms of delinquency in females?

Traditional attitudes correlated with more delinquency.

Did the women's movement increase female delinquency?

No, it has not led to increased female delinquency.

How has the women's movement influenced the justice system's treatment of female offenders?

It may have led to a backlash in treatment of female offenders.

What correlation has been observed between female delinquency and a history of abuse?

High correlation with physical and sexual abuse history.

What family-related variables have been investigated in female delinquency?

Family structure and process variables.

How do female and male delinquent peer relationship patterns differ?

They are different, and peers may buffer females from delinquency.

What contradictions exist in studies of school correlates and social class in relation to female delinquency?

Contradictory findings.

How does relative deviance influence the juvenile justice system’s response to female delinquency?

Accounts for bias in responses.

Why are females who are arrested and convicted for delinquency sanctioned more severely?

Higher expectation of deviance due to higher arrest thresholds.

How is female aggression judged compared to male aggression?

Judged more harshly due to societal expectations.

How might female delinquents acquire antisocial conduct differently than male delinquents?

Through gender-specific processes and vulnerability to sexual abuse.

What strategies have been identified to expand knowledge about female delinquency?

Add-and-stir research, female-only focus research, and integrated universal models.

What is the purpose of the add-and-stir strategy in research on female delinquency?

Highlight gender stereotypes and behavioral similarities and differences.

Why should existing theories be tested with females?

To determine their applicability to female delinquency.

How do female delinquents differ from male delinquents in terms of family, peers, and attitudes toward school?

Different qualities of family processes, peer relationships, and attitudes.

What developmental and individual factors are important for understanding female delinquency?

Age, identity development, and history of victimization.

How has women’s offending historically been described?

Ignored or stereotyped.

When did a feminist critique of the lack of analyses of women’s offending emerge in Nordic criminology?

In the second half of the 1970s.

Who is referred to as the father of criminology?

Cesare Lombroso.