lap 1 review USH

3 main theories on how natives got to america

1. Alternative- on eastern coast - found bifaces and points that were 20k years old (5k years earlier than prior theories said they got here)

2. Coastal migration- took boats all the way down west coast

3. Bering strait- there was a bering strait that they walked across to get here

how natives treated the land prior to colonists

Natives arent nomadic, they are migratory in seasons

- They move with the land, when one piece is dried out of a crop is out of season, they will move to an area that the crop is in season

They found medicinal plants and tested it on animals to see what would happen

- Allowed them to see if things were harmful or helpful

made salt by evaporation

mined many minerals (copper, lead, and coal)

B4 europeans, natives were successful on the land without extensive agricultral technology (europeans brought that with them)

who were the algonkians?

narragansetts, pequots, etc (natives that europeans first encunter)

each subgroup have own tribal language (many tribes withtin algonkian tribe group) but all speak algonkian

have canoes for fishing

hunting and gathering in a way that worked for them

differences between the native and european ways of thinking

LAND

Large cultural divide and misundersatnding of what land ownership is

• Land ownership is a british concept, natives are more open to the idea of sharing land, no concept of being "my" land

  • British start to restrict access and limit where the natives can go

    • Leads to sometimes violent and diplomatic interaction

ROLE OF MEN VS WOMEN

Algonkian men didnt understand why the european men farmed bc that was a role for women in algonkian

first hiccups between natives and europeans

At first, Europeans and natives were friendly (even with the hiccup of loosing the arrow bag)

Caving kings name into a cross by euroepans shows power over natives

• Tension builds

• Natives referred to as savages- others a person

 

This is a cycle- has a bad thing happen(bag lost, engraved name) and they try to fix the relationship (share crops)

How did britain come to be in america? (spanish armada, english vs spanish, etc)

Seaching for gold, glory, and spreading god

Spain is prepared to conquer other countries and have an attempt  with the spanish armada

• Thousands of sailors, warriors and some boats

• Attempts to go and conquer England in a hope to encourage them to be catholic

  • English navy catches them and tells the spanish "no"

    • How say no?- they have agility, speed (smaller ships)

• English chase spanish out into a storm and soldiers die

 

The spanish failure is a HUGE win for england and the spanish didn’t anticipate to loose

• Start of the english naval supremacy

English make their way to north america without spanish intervieing

why even explore the new world?

• Wanted raw materials and the expansion of their market (imports/exports -> generate revenue)

• Nationalism and pride for your country

  • Willingness to sacrifice your needs for the coutries success

the 3 Gs

first 6 settlements in chronological order

 

St augustine -> santa fe-> jamestown -> quebec -> albany -> new amsterdam (ny)

anglicans, dissenters, puritans

How was the defeat of the spanish armada affect the spread of protestantism - - - -> strengthens protestantism

Strength and pride comes from strnegth of religion

 

Anglicans splits off into dissenters (people who chose to worship outside of the enlish church) and puritains (church needs further purifying) AND seperatists

 

Seperatists

• Were anglican, maybe became puritain, and then left the church altogether

• Maybe created their own sector and congregation

• James (king) didn’t like seperatists and said seperatists should die

• Some were pilgrims and went to america to avoid persection

Spanish relationship with the natives

Spain

• Contorlled all of modern mesico and modern texas and florida and southern cali

• Franciscan missionarys to natives -> spreading gospel and converting

  • Relationship at beginning were peaceful

French relationship with the natives

France

• Further noth near great lakes and new orleans

• Fur traders

  • Few perm. Settlers

  • Worked with natives and cultivated good relationships

English relationship with the natives

England

• Modern day new england and virginia

  • Immigrated as families

    • Natives were not used to that relationship

  • Had mixed control over their colonies (some colonies have more government control)

    • Some were royal colonies and had government instituted officials

    • Some were charter colonies with local leaders and laws called charters signed off by the royals

Holland (netherlands) relationship with the natives

Holland

• Modern day manhatten

  • Stablish trading posts and made friendly relationships

  • Fur traders

  • New amerdamn became a trading hub of many cultures (only half of them were dutch)

the Change in the use of land and its effect on the colonies

There was a global demand for sheeps wool

• Made england change its start on how to maintain economic success in the "new" world

  • Instead of focusing on crops, they focused more on sheeps for more wool

  • Change in the use of land

Growing population

• Farmers kicked off their land and the landlords are getting more money from the pastures

  • Enclosure movement

  • More land is being turned into sheep farm

• Farmers who were kicked off the land now need more places to live (GB) is an island

  • Solution: establish the colonies

Mercantilism

• Mercantilism- economic theory that says goal of any nation state is to increase he nations total wealth

  • Believe that worlds wealth was limited and only one nation could grow rich at the expense of the other

    • Since resources are finite- mercanilism leads to colonialism

Charter/ joint stock companies

Charter companies

• Needs charter from the monarch to trade in a certain region

Joint-stock companies

• Promise to overcome the limitations of exploration conducted by individuals

  • Sold shares of buisness venture to multiple individuals

  • Many charter companies were joint stock aswell (not all)

  • If the colony was to fail, everyone is responsible for those debts

    • The expanision of these two companies led to a more sustainable and larger effort to create colonies

the fur trade

Dutch and english all in the fir trade

Nativves were also in the trade and wanted to control the trade

• Because 3 countries in the treade, natives have trouble getting conrtol except…

  • The pequot pushed out the wamampong to the north and the neraconseets to the east and the algonkonian and mahegoganto the west

led to pequot war

Pequot War

• The pequot war- europeans allied with the Narragansetts and the mahegonan to fight the pequots

  • Pequots don’t survive the war or sold to slaves

  • This war is about how natives tribes started to pick sides between the dutch and the engliosh which leads to armed conflict

    Pequot nation dissolved by treaty of hartford 1638

Powhatan war

Powhatan war of 1622 and 1624- precursor to the pequot war (before pequots), shows that natives trying to pick sides

new england colonies

mass., rhode island, connecticut, new hampshire

reason to found new england colonies

religion

john winthrop

notable person in new england colonies

gov of mass bay colony

“city upon a hill”

implements a theocracy

roger williams

notable person in new england colonies

wanted a complete separation of church and state and is banished to england

escapes his banishment and established rhose island

anne hutchinson

notable person in new england

challenged puritan leaders

• infuriates puritan leaders bc she is woman

thomas hooker

left mass bay colony and establish connecticut

opened vote to not just church members

climate in new england

colder climate

shorter growing season

healthier

economic activity in new england

fishing (cod, whales) trade shipbuilding

types of gov. in each new england colony

plymouth: mayflower compact

mass bay: royal charter given to joint-stock company

connectiut: fundamental orders of connecticut

rhode island: allows head of household to vote-most democratic

new Hampshire- royal colony

middle colonies

NY, NJ, penn, delaware

middle colonies reason or founding

mix of relgion and profit

peter stuyvesant

notable person in middle colonies

dutch gov who surrenders new amsterdam to english fleet (NA becomes NY)

william penn

king paid a debt to williams dad with a peice of land in america

was a quaker (rebelled against all forms of political and religious authority)

made pennsylvania as a safe haven fo quakers and people of all religions

climate of middle colonies

not as cold as new england

not as had as southern colonies

economic activity in middle colonies

wheat, barley, oats, livestock, fur trade

types of gov in middle colonies

ny-king charles gave the durch region to the duke of york

nj- royal colony

penn-propirtary colony (British Crown granted land and governance rights to an individual or group)

delaware- could elect own legislative body but shared a gov with penn

southern colonies

virginia: jamestown

north carolina

couth carolina

georgia

maryland

reason for founding southern colonies

profit

john smith

notable person from southern colonies

effective leader in jamestown

srict military like disipline and forced people to work if they wanted to eat

john rolfe

notable person in southern colonies

expirimented with tobacco plants and began growing it to export to england

climate in southern colonies

hot, mosquitos, disease

economy in southern colonies

grew tradeable crops- tobacco, rice, sugarcane, indigo

virginia- tobacco

sc- rice

types of gov in southern colonies

virginia- royal colony

maryland- proprietary colony (British Crown granted land and governance rights to an individual or group)

carolinas- proprietary colony ALSO has religious tolderance bc of fund, constituions of carolina

• SC breaks off and becomes a royal colony

• NC remains proprietary for 10 yrs then becomes royal colony

georgia- royal colony

french and dutch interactions with natives

• Friendly relationship established

  • Bc profit is generated from fur trade between the natives and the dutch/french

    • Beaver, otter, deer fur

    • Dutch and french build outposts around NY and great lakes to become woven into native tribes

      • Hurons and Algonquians ask for help in the wars with iroquois

england

Virginia is a joint stock with profits partially going to shareholders

• They don’t have gold and silver so they need to find a way tpo make profit to keep investors

  • Resort to trade with natives

  • English give up iron, guns, tools, cloth in exchange for fur and food with the natives

    • To keep up the trade, natives have to hunt more which affected the balance with nature

      • Exploits land in certain areas

    • Enlgish fence off land to "keep" as their own

      • English allows animals to roam freely which destroys native crops

      • Leads to friction between natives and english

        • Results in violence between them, amplified by the introduction of traded guns

  • Trade isnt a sustainable enough profit source so they resort to Tabacco ( cash crop)

    • They NEED the land the farm

      • Leads to a change in the rel. between the natives and English bc they are more violent for land now

      • Natives retaliated and burned houses, killed aniamls, etc

        • Natives are mad bc theve been here for centuries yet the englisha re here for like 2 years and start taking land

  • The english desire for more land strained the relationship between the natives

    • Land grabbing people

 

 

John smith is rescued (was captued) by pokahoutus and traded beads, necklaces, knicknacks, etcetcetc

native uprising

english back to stealing native land

• natives have an uprising

  • natives killed ¼ of settlers

    • english decimate native pop of VA

    • causes VA to become a royal colony → VA company is gone

bacon rebellion

 

Nathanial bacon, gov willian berkley, the "poor" farmers

• They come across limited options of where to farm  when they get to america

  • Wealthy farmers owned all good land in center of the colony

  • Only good option is on the boarder of the colony

    • Don’t wanna be first line of defense of native maybe future attacked

      • Nathanial bacon (poor farmer) kickes out gov berkley to say that its wrong to be pushed out of the perimiter of the colony (gov not protecting them!) and burned capital to the ground

        • Gov not wanting to protect the farmers and deal with the perimiter

        • Bacon died shortly after they took jamestown and gov berkley got the town back

        • Berkley executed rebellioners and the crown forces him to go back to england bc of this violence

English native relations in NE

 

Thanksgiving ->Early rel. were positive between settlers and natives where natives helped settlers get through first winter

 

Pilgrims (puritans) trying to convert natives to Christianity aggressively

• Also convert to civilized living

  • Insisting that natives must abandon religion, hair, culture, names, villages and move to praying towns

    • Erase native culture

  • Also trying to make sure puritans didn’t adapt native way of life because women get more equality and other attractive features

    • If you choose to live with natives you will get 3 years in jail

    • Will make captivity narratives

king philip’s war

 

Enlgish coloners started taking more land from natives and colonists wanted the natives to give up all weapons

• They disagreeed and they started fighting

• Wampanoags allied with naragansetts and fighted colonists (leader of wamp, was king philip)

  • sassamon (christian indian) warned coloniests that wamp. were preping for war

    • was killed by wamp

      • philip was decapitated by colonies and they kpet his head on a spike for decades

• Colonists in mass. Allied with conn and fought natives

iroquois league

Iroquois league

• Native tribes are stronger against the english when they are united

• Inability of native tribes to unite makes they vulnerable to defeat and be pushed around

  • Governed by "the great law of peace"

    • Led by peace, equity, and justice

    • Led by a council filled by the female led clans of the iroquois nations

early years of slavery in america

 

Early times of the colonies were indentured servants

• 2/3 of them died before their endentured time ended

African slaves became arriving into america

• Endentured slaves and african slaves played and interrmarried and ran awy together

• Racial catagories were fluid

• Slavery was not in law yet

  • Status was defined by religion, not race

Economc situation making english settlers come to america improved -> decrease of endentured servnas and colonies willing to come to north america

• Causes a labor shortage

More indentured servants surviving and demandi

why did plantationers turn to the african slave trade?

Situtation comes to ahead in bacons rebellion

• Planters turned to african slavery and began writing laws to racially sepaate people

• African slaves became more avaiable

• Poor whites given opurity to become overseers of slaves and made them identify with rich whites

culture of africa before slave trade

 

Empires like songhi and mali, congo kingdoms

• Very large and powerful with complex political structures

• Governing body governed 100000 people

  • Rich cultural history and trad within kingdoms in africa

Agricultural knowledg developed by african members in society became transferrable in plantations in amerca

african slavery in africa

There was slavery in africa before slave trade

• These slaves were taken from their own community

• To enslave was the other the person

• Slavery in this time period was no a permanemt state, you could own ur freedom by becoming  member of the community

• Labor was owned, not the person (you could be a slave for someone but not be a part of their family or owned by them)

the start of the slave trade and how it changed throughout the 1400s-1700s

 

1400s-1500s failed attempts to establish a slave trade

1500s-16000s African captives ere purshased by europeans (now able to slave trade bc have items to pay for salves to african kings like cloth and beads)

• Within 200 miles of atlanic coast

• 2 million captives were taken to the new world

1700s Plantations expanded which increased need for slaves

• Drove up the prices for slaves

  • Slaves captivevors becan going 600 mi into africa for slaves

• 10 million slaves

middle passage/ triangular trade

Middle passage- forced voyage of enslaved africans to the new world

• Part of the triangulae trade america to europe to africa to america to europee to africa

• Slaves go from africa to america (middle passage)

• Raw materials go from america to europe

• Finished goods go from europe to africa

slavery in southern colonies

 

Slavery existed in all colonies but used differently

Southern colonies

• Supported plantation economy

• Very important to southerneconomy

manumition

• Manumition

  • Before mid 1600s-possibility for freedom existed

  • Slaves could become enslavers themselves

  • Bc reliance on endentured servants

slave life in virginia vs sc

Life as a slave was not as bad in virginia than in couth Carolina bc virginia had a cooler climate, and less labor intentive crops (indigo and rice) and plantations were closer together in virginia so slaves could talk to eachother

african women

In the south, african women had a lot of kids -> crated native born slave populations ->families worked together in a community

• Culture of african slaves created even though their lives were together

• New Language, religion  etc created by combining african and english culture

slave rebellions

Slaves rebellion happened by infrequent and put down violently (more commonly slaves ran away)

• NY uprising

  • Ny had more slaves than anywhere else at that time

    • Slaves killed whites, fires made, hars black codes which regulaed black people, free or enslaves

• Stono uprising

  • In routh carolina

  • 100 slaves rebelled to try to go to florida bc if convert to catholicism, you will be free

  • While escaping, killed 20 white plantation owners

    • All people involved by uprising put to death

      • Made a shockwave throughout colonies

        • Enact harsh slave codes

slave codes

Slave codes defined slavery as one drop of african blood

• As a distinct status based on race which passed on through generations

  • Controlled black population

  • Differentuated black slaves (not a choice) to white laborers (had a choice to serve)

    • Made slavery a perm condition

    • Creates a perm solution to the fear of labor shortage and growing black population

Slave codes made children property for life to serve one master

• In some colonies it became became a crime to teach a slave how to read/write

• No slave could ever strike a white person even in selve defense

• Slaves could not choose what they wanted to do with their job, or travel, marrying in general or owning property, testifying against whites, congragating in groups, of carrying a weapon

• Prevent interrracial marriage

a common life, consumerism, and the church

Colonial cities are developing and becoming ore fruitful for those who are living in them

• More schools

• Standard of living are better

  • First roads were native trails widened and made into dirt packed roads

  • First stagecoach creaed in 1732

    • There are taverns, inns, public houses

      • V important bc there were places to eat, drink, relax, play cards, gossip, and lean news

        • This connectedness showed that it was improtant to gather, share news, and keep people connected in colonial culture

• More colonists can read about ideas in london and are able to buy things from europe (literacy -> empowers people to stand up for themselves)

• Newfound consumerism ed to church saying consumerism making people forget about their relgiion

• Consumerism led to people buying things in europe so all the money is in europe

  • America has less currency

    • One of the reasons why we get the revolution

biggest cities and social classes in the colonies

philadelphia was the largest city with ny as a second and boston as the third

• These cities have a large large influence on the colonies and economy and culture

  • Social heirarchy forming

    • Social elete: property owners and wealthy merchants

      • Served by middle class: artisans (shoemakers, clothe makers, etc)

    • Lower class: sailors, manual workers, etc

crime

cities become very crowded and full of crime and violence

• People become concerned for the homeless and people start to give food and money and firewood to them

• Use of open fireplaces leads to lots of fires

salem witch trials: why confess

 To save themselves from being hung (confess-> released;say innocent-> hung)

salem witch trials: what kind of people are targeted?

minorities

salem witch trials: what leads up to it?

Piety puritan religion vs capitalistic outlook

Declension: waning of godly ideas (puritans saying this effecting their life)

Friction between towns and villiages (churches is in diff town, why am I paying taxes on a church that isnt in my villiage)

• People have to travel out of their villiage to go to the town where the church is

Insecurity and paranormal fear

Aerogtism- hallusinigenic fungus that grows on fungus that may have caused the girls to hallucinate

salem witch trials: spectral evidence

the accused appeared to them and did harm to them in a dream or a vision

the enlightenment

Englightnment: started in europe and in 18th century in amrica- evolution of thought that prioritized science and reason over authority and myths or trad. Religion

• Celebrated those who sought the truth

• Curious and well educated people refused to accept biblical explanations of the world

  • Kant used the power of sceince and reason to observe and expiriemt of the earth

    • Micrscopes, and more inventions

    • Triggered by the scientific revolutions

    • Changed how people thought bout science and math and other topics that were previously guided by religion

   

deism

• Enlightenment+religion= deism

  • Emphasized reason rather than religious thinking

  • Believed god planned the universe but no longer directly interacted with the earth and people

    • Religious people empowered by enlightened thought

  • Believed highest virtue was reason

john locke

• Outline what democratic principles are

• Gov rests on the consent of its citizens

  • You cant be my leader if I don’t give you the power to lead

    • Gives reason to why we rebelled against monarchies at the time

Benjamin Franklin

• Decendent of puritans and left home at 17

• By 24, editor of penn. Newpaper (penn gassett)

• Published poor richards almanac

  • Collection of weather forcasts, household tips, etc

• Founded a public library

• Founded a company about fire (wood company)

• Created univ. of penn

• (in terms of the enlightenment) He wanted the develop the capacity to think for oneself

The great awakening

egan in southern colonies and spread up

Came from the religious decline in the 1730s and a need for a rebirth

Pop movement that effected all colonies and created ties along all the colonie

• Help created revolutionary activities downt the line

emotional religious revival movement that swept the 13 colonies

Johnathan Edwards

Johnathan Edwards- sinners in the hands of an angry god-> extremely harsh deptitiona nd description of hell in order to frighten people to seek salvation

• Against enlightenment

Sarah Osborn

 

Sarah osborn- defied religious standdards by organizing religious sermons and communities (including men and women and black people)

• Asked to stop and she didn’t

• While it didn’t change the social heirchy her actions and determinations to make a change were important

Englightenment vs great Awakening (similarities/differences)

Enlightenment- effected intellectial elite, more reason and science over religion

Awakening: affected everyone, rooted in religion and conversion and evangelical connections, undermined established church by emphazing how anyone could receive gods grace without church authority guidence

 

Similar: btoh help nurture american commitment to indiviual freedom and resistance to authority

• Played a key role in the rebellion against british tyanny

french and Indian war: backround and what it is

French and indian war Is a section of the 7 years war (clash between protestant and catholic nations- redraws political map of the world)

Ohio river valley was very fetile land

• British (trying to expand west) and france (trying to expand south) interested

  • They both came to take that land which started the war

• Goerge Washington fought in the war

  • Prepared him to lead in the revolution

• Alliences between the native americasn

  • Both british (iroquois league) and french had allies with different tribes

• French were originally winning but the british end up winning overall because of the tide turns due to the amount of supplies and making william pitt (invested a lot of money into this war) the commander of war

• Ends with the battle of quebec and tready of paris

• British were now in debt so they started taxing americans more which led to the american revolution

  • War is costlly! For BOTH sides!

Battle of fort necessity

• Marked the first battle of the French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War in Europe).

• British force: George Washington (about 400 men, mostly Virginia militia).

• French force: French troops + Native American allies (about 700).

• Washington built a small, poorly designed stockade called Fort Necessity.

• French surrounded the fort after heavy rain, which soaked gunpowder and weakened defenses.

• Washington was forced to surrender to the French.

• Showed Washington’s inexperience but also gained him recognition.

• The defeat escalated tensions between Britain and France, pulling both empires into full war.

Battle of Fort Dquesne

• British force: General Edward Braddock led about 1,400 British soldiers with George Washington as an aide.

• French force: French troops + Native American allies (fewer in number, around 900).

• Braddock’s army marched in European style, making them vulnerable in dense forests. (didnt know ohio river valley like the natives did)

• French and Native forces launched a surprise ambush.

• The British suffered a major defeat — nearly 900 casualties including Braddock, who was mortally wounded.

• Washington helped organize a retreat, which saved part of the army.

• Proved Native and French guerilla tactics were highly effective against traditional European military formations.

• Strengthened French control of the Ohio River Valley until later British campaigns.

Albany

A meeting is organized with colonial delegates (worries about war with the french and native allies)

Ben franklin says for each colonial essembly go send 2-7 delegates to a council to have legislative councils

• Colonies gathering to have power over native affairs

• Fails to impress colonial governments and policymakers in britain

• This planis not imlimented

  • British officials and legilsators waited to maintain their power and no create a new sysem of governance

• Eerily similar to how we set up our articles of confedderation, awhile ben franklin didn’t set up the artile of confed, his thought process is that the albany plan was implimented, the rvolution wouldn’t have happened at all

  • His plan would create representation in british gov, whch is hwat they wanted to start the war

how do the french loose?

 They have less big established colonies and have less supplies in the new world (brtish want mat, they get from colonies; french want mat., scattered around their area-> takes longer)

battle of Quebec/ treaty of paris

battle of quebec ends the war

Treaty of paris- british gains most of north america (including west indies and colonies in india) and spanish gains latin american territory

French kicked out of north america

Pontiacs rebellions (causes, what it is, effects)

Natives mad because the french never HAD the ohio river valley and didn’t include the natives in the land talks and they are pissed that the land was just given to the british peple

• Leads to pontiacs rebellion

  • Series Native american attacks on british forces and settlements after france gives up their land east of the mississippi river to the british

 

• British officials come to an agreement with the natives which allows the british troops to reoccupy the forts that the natives attacked and in return the native get the fur trade

british debt

British go into a deep deep deep debt because of the war

• British have a lot of new terriftory and its costly to have more land

  • King George the 3 raised taxes to try and reduce national debt

    • British payed 26x more in taxes than the american colonists do

      • British belive that the american colonists hould be the ones to pay the higher taxes bc the war was started by then (even tho it was a combined effort)

causes and effects of french and indian war

Causes:

• Mercantilism

• Competition for land and imperial control between franec and GB

 

Effects:

• British gain most of North America

• Spanish gain LA teritory

• France had no terrioty on the continent

• British national debt increase leads to heavy taxation of colonies

• Pontiac's rebellion