Progressivism movement

Make hundred please

Social Gospel Movement

Theological movement which pushed of Christians to go out into society and create social justice and reform.

Muckrakers

Authors and Journalists who stirred up the “mud” of the day to push for change in the society.

Mass Circulation Magazines

Written media which reached a larger audience then any other media had ever allowed.

Mcclure’s/Cosmopolitan/Ladies Home Journal

Mass circulation magazines which showed different realities for the working man.

Lincoln Steffen’s - Shame of the Cities

Exposed the corruption of local and national governments well as issues of urban poverty.

Ida Tarbell - History of the Standard Oil Company

Brought to light the sharkish business practices which robber barrons such as Rockefeller in the standard oil company used to amass their wealth.

Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives

Groundbreaking photojournalism which exposed the decay of the standard of living for the working class.

Louis Hines - National Child Labor Committee

Documented the harsh conditions and exploitation of child laborers in factories and mines.

Upton Sinclair - The Jungle

Exposed the dark and unsanitary truth of the meat industry most immediately impactful muckraker literature of the time.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Quickly implemented legislation which required forced inspections of meat grinding and packing facilities to ensure sanitary conditions and prevent contamination, protecting consumers.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)

Tragic industrial disaster in which 146 immigrant female workers lost their lives in a fire due to unsafe working conditions.

Sweatshops

Places where workers are forced to work long hours with low wages in horrible working conditions.

Temperance movement

Social movement led mostly by women to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption.

Carrie Nations and her “Hatchetations”

A prominent temperance movement advocate spreading the cause through her odd hatchetations. Going into bars to chop up the bars and cut open kegs.

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Organization founded in 1874 to push originally for the reduction of alcohol but later crucial to the prohibition of alcohol.

18th Amendment (1919) – Prohibition

Federal attempt to meet the needs of the female temperance movement.

Lochner vs New York (1905)

Supreme court case which claimed the reduction of Bakers hours in New York was not supported by the constitution and considered “meddlesome.”

Mueller vs. Oregon (1908)

Supreme court case reducing the hours of women laundry workers due to their peculiar structure. What seemed like progress in the progressive movement set women back in their quest for equality in the workforce.

Louis Brandeis Brief

Brief argued by Louis Brandeis which claimed women due to their structure required more constitutional protection.

Women’s Suffrage Movement

The movement pushing for women’s voting rights from 1848-1920.

Lucretia Mott

Prominent feminist throughout the 19th century famously organizing the Seneca Falls Convention.

Elizabeth Stanton

The primary author of the Declaration of Sentiments and the famously presented the Declaration at the Seneca falls convention in 1848, advocating for female equality.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Massive women’s rights conference speaking on the issues of equality, temperance, female voting rights, and women’s suffrage.

Declaration of Sentiments

Document presented at the Seneca Falls Convention a list of women’s grievances with the social and legal inequalities faced. Main author Elizabeth Cady Stanton declared "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal."

Elective Franchise/Right to Vote/Suffrage

Right of individuals to vote in elections and referendums from the direct election of senators, representatives, and presidents.

Susan B. Anthony (NAWSA)

Revitalized the women’s suffrage movement by uniting national womens suffrage movements under one umbrella the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

Alice Paul

Organized the National Womans Party (NWP) as a more agressive protesting approach for women’s suffrage.

National Womans Party (NWP)

Agressive alternative suffrage group made more extreme acts to demand women’s right to vote. Acts such as hunger strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations such as the chaining of women to the white house fence.

19th Amendment (1920) - Women’s Suffrage Movement

Constitutional amendment which finally gave women the right to vote.

Margaret Sanger

Opened the first birth control clinic in the nation to help with planned parenthood.

“Birth Control”

Practices used to control the number of children one has to help the circumstances of poverty at the time.

Planned Parenthood

The ability to choose when one is going to start a family.

Robert “Fighting Bob” LaFollette

Started to apply academic study to meet the needs of the people through political reform and change.

“The Wisconsin Idea”

A progressive political philosophy that promotes public welfare through expert knowledge and public administration, originating in the state of Wisconsin.

17th Amendment Direct Election of Senators

Popular plank of the progressive movement allowed the people to be more directly involved in the election of senators.

Galveston, Texas Hurricane (1906)

Devastating natural disaster which majorly damaged Texas infrastructure. Led to significant reforms in disaster preparedness and city management in response to future emergencies.

Commissioner type of City Government

Government where roles are split up amongst several people decentralizing power and placing it in the hands of many elected officials.

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the Socialist Party of America and five-time presidential candidate who advocated for workers right and formed the ARU.

Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)

Radical workers union which included all workers from doctors to factory workers.

McKinley assassinated

in 1901 by anarchist Leon Czolgosz, leading to Theodore Roosevelt's presidency and increased progressive reforms.

Teddy Roosevelt’s “Bully Pulpit”

Roosevelt viewed his position as president as a platform in which he could expand progressive reforms and advocate for social justice.

Anthracite Coal Strike

1902 dispute in which coal strike by workers led to shorter work hours 10% increase in pay and federal recognition.

The Square Deal

Roosevelts domestic policy in which he tried to make a fair bargain for Americans. This progressive agenda focused on regulating business monopolies, enforcing anti-trust acts, conservation of nations resources, and supporting progressive ideas.

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

Weak act aimed at breaking up trusts considered harmful to capitalist competition and monopolies, allowing the federal government to regulate unfair business practices.

Northern Securities Company

Large railroad monopoly composed of several major companies which was successfully dissolved via the supreme court. First time in which supreme court sided against a monopoly set a precedent.

Elkins Act (1903)

Law strengthening the weak Interstate Commerce Commission by prohibiting discriminatory practices and putting in place penalties against railroad companies.

Hepburn Act (1906)

Act which heavily strengthened the federal governments power over big business by placing limits on railroad rates and eliminating free passes to shippers.

Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)

First federal regulative agency aimed at providing fair rates and business for farmers relating to railroads.

Conservation of Natural Resources

Movement to protect the environment and manage natural resources responsibly, ensuring sustainable use for future generations.

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

Legislation funded irrigation for arid lands of 17 states in the west.

National Forest Service

Agency created to protect the nation’s timber reserves

Gifford Pinchot

First chief of the National Forest Service his views emphasized a “wise use” of the nations forrest’s.

John Muir

Considered the “father of the modern environmentalist movement” advocated for the preservation of wilderness areas against toxic industry expansion.

Environmentalist

A person concerned with or advocating for the protection of the environment, often focusing on issues like conservation and pollution.

Sierra Club

Environmental organization formed to protect wild places such as Yosemite Park and promote preservation efforts.

Yosemite Park

A national park located in California, renowned for its stunning natural beauty, including granite cliffs, waterfalls, and giant sequoias.

William Howard Taft

27th president of the United States most greatly focused on the dismantlement of trusts deemed as harmful to the people and our capitalist society.

Dollar Diplomacy

A foreign policy approach under President Taft emphasizing economic power to achieve international goals, particularly in Latin America and East Asia.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

1909 tariff which raised tariff rates on some foreign goods coming into the United States, but was intended to lower tariff rates. Did not achieve its primary goal of reducing tariffs, leading to criticism from progressive reformers.

The Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

Name for Roosevelt’s progressive party came from the quote “strong as a Bull Moose” used by Roosevelt. Promoted social reforms, women’s suffrage, eight hour work day, prohibition of child labor, stricter regulation of large corporations.

New Nationalism

Domestic policy envisioned by Roosevelt which pushed for progressive reforms such as women’s suffrage, eight-hour work day, prohibition of child labor, stricter regulation of large corporations.

Election of 1912

Election between the republican nominee William Howard Taft, democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, progressive nominee Teddy Roosevelt, and socialist Eugene V. Debs that highlighted the split in the Republican Party and ultimately led to Wilson's victory.

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson’s domestic policy targeted key economic reforms surrounding tariff’s, banking, and antitrust laws to promote individual freedom and limit the power of monopolies.

Republican Party divided by Bull Moose = Democratic Win

Due to the division of the Republican party in the 1912 election into the Bull Moose Party and Republican Party candidates, the Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson was able to secure a victory.

16th Amendment Graduated Income Tax

Due to lower federal revenues from reduced tariffs the government needed to enact a graduated income tax system.

Federal Reserve Act 1913 (Glass Owen Act)

Established the Federal Reserve System as the central banking structure of the United States, regulating the money supply and providing financial stability.

Clayton Antitrust Act 1914

Legislation which further strengthened anti-trust laws by putting and end to many types of monopolistic practices and prohibiting unfair business tactics such as price discrimination.

Federal Trade Commission

a federal agency created to prevent unfair business practices and promote consumer protection.