Cells Structure

primary active transport

uses energy in a direct manor

secondary active transport

uses energy from the electrochemical gradient created by the primary active transport to move molecules

anchors

attach to other proteins and help maintain cell structure and shape

aquaporin

channels that let water pass through

carrier

facilitated diffusion membrane transporter which bind to their transport specific molecules

channels

facilitated diffusion membrane transporters which provide an opening between the inside and the outside of the cell for only certain molecules to pass

cisternae

vesicles that transport proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus

endomembrane system

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane and the vesicles

rough endoplasmic reticulum

has ribosomes that synthesize protein

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes lipids

facilitated diffusion

diffusion through the lipid bilayer through membrane transporter proteins

golgi apparatus

modifies proteins and lipids made by the endoplasmic reticulum and sorts them as they move to their final destination and synthetizes carbohydrates

integral membrane protein

permanently associated with the cell membrane

lumen

inside of an organelle

nuclear envelope

boundaries of the nucleus which consist of inner and outer membrane

nuclear localizing signal

allows proteins to move through the nuclear pores

osmotic pressure

pressure applied to stop movement of water into a solution

peripheral membrane protein

temporarily associated with the lipid bilayer and are easily separated

Pili

used to transfer plasmids between prokaryotes

signal sequence

amino acid sequence that allows proteins to be recognized and sorted

no signal sequence

protein goes to cytosol

terminal signal sequence

protein goes to chloroplast or mitochondria

internal signal sequence

protein goes to nucleus

signal anchor sequence

amino acid sequence that allows protein to be embedded in the cell membrane

signal recognition particle

recognizes signal sequence from free floating ribosome, pauses translation, binds to receptor on the rough ER then dissociates so the polypeptide chain will grow into the channel and emerge in the lumen

transmembrane proteins

integral membrane proteins that pass the entire membrane

anabolism

build molecules from smaller units, requires energy

catabolism

breaks down molecules into smaller units to produce energy

endergonic

non-spontaneous reactions that require energy

kinase

adds phosphate groups to proteins