module 8

Non infectious diseases

________: not caused by pathogens and arent transmittable from one individual to another.

Genetic Disease

________: mutations that occur in germ- line cells that affect whole zygote eg.

Stimulus

________ causes Na+ channels to open, potassium pumps to close.

Golden rice rice

________ contain genes from maize & soil bacterium, allows beta- carotene production, precursor to vitamin A.

Myopia

________ (short sighted): distant objects are focussed too far forward= blurred.

ADH vassopressin

________: released if there is water loss eg sweating and blood is more concentrated.

UV exposure

________ and loud noises cause skin cancer and deafness.

Tolerance limits

________: variables in internal environment (temperature, glucose) are maintained within a narrow range eg.

false images

Absorbs and prevent light scattering causing ________ on retina.

Hormones

________: chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream /extracellular fluids that change cell behaviour to maintain homeostasis.

Programs

Screening ________: Not educational campaigns but used in conjunction with campaigns.

Physiological

________: the processes carried out by the structure /functions within the body eg.

Hyperopia

________ (long sighted): light is focussed too far back, sometimes overcome by accommodation.

Amplify vibration

________ from tympanic membrane, pass on to cochlear fluid.

Auxins

________ (growth, bending towards light), cytokinins (cell division, seeds etc), gibberellins, abscisc acid (inhibit germination), ethylene (ripening and aging)

Removal

________: urine collects in pelvis of kidney before moving through ureters to bladder, then excreted.

Mortality

________: deaths over a given time period.

Intervention

________: evaluate treatment and prevention methods (eg.

Analytical studies

________: determine cause, risk factors & protective factors (observational /case- controlled compare diseased and healthy individuals, are retrospective & experimental compare individuals who are exposed to different risk factors, prospective)

Gel

________- like substance between lens and retina.

sharp image

Refracts light to produce ________ on retina, protects eye.

Nerve Structure

________: cell body (similar to other cell body), dendrites (receive signals from other neurons and carry to cell body), axon (carries messages away from cell body)

Bionic Eye

________: camera in glasses gathers data, sends directly to processing centres in brain, bypass rods & cones.

Vaccines

________ to prevent cancer: Human Papilloma virus linked to majority of cervical cancer & some other cancer cases.

Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy

________: singular circular piece of genetic information, 37 genes, vital for apoptosis & energy within the cell.

Epidemiology

________: study patterns of disease in population.

Cancer

________: Normal cell growth /regulatory genes disturbed leading to uncontrolled cell replication and a tumour.

Nutritional Disease

________: caused by lack of balance and correct nutrients.

Hyperpolarisation

________: K+ channels close relatively slowly, inside of cell temporarily negative.

body temperature

Endothermic: ________ remains relatively constant.

homeostasis

the proccess by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment, especially for optimum enzyme function

tolerance limits

variables in internal environment (temperature, glucose) are maintained within a narrow range eg

adaptation

any inherited characteristic, process, or behaviour that aids an organisms survival in a particular habitat

ectothermic

body temperature changes with ambient temperature/metabolism generate little heat eg

endothermic

body temperature remains relatively constant

behavioural

the activities and behaviours of the organism eg

structural

the physical characteristics of the organism eg

blubber in the Australian fur seal, SA

V of Äfrican elephant ears

physiological

the processes carried out by the structure/functions within the body eg

CNS

brain & spinal cord

PNS

branching network of nerves, all enter/leave CNS eg

hypothalamus maintain temperature → Effectors

motor neurons carry impulses from the spinal cord to effectors eg

muscles, glands, organs → Response

muscle/gland responds accordingly

Reflex

bypass brain

Nerve Structure

cell body (similar to other cell body), dendrites(receive signals from other neurons and carry to cell body), axon (carries messages away from cell body)

Synapse

space between axon of one neuron and dendrite/cell body of next

electrical synapse

action potential moves directly from one neuron to the next

chemical synapse

impulse reaches end of axon, release chemicals (neurotransmitters) that travel to next neuron

repolarisation

Na+ channels close, K+ open, inside of cell more negative

hyperpolarisation

K+ channels close relatively slowly, inside of cell temporarily negative

resting state

Na/K pumps open and restore resting potential

action potential

change in electrical potential of the cell membrane of axon, caused by electrochemical impulse

Resting Membrane Potential

-70mV as there are more Na+ outside the cell

hormones

chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream/extracellular fluids that change cell behaviour to maintain homeostasis

pituitary gland

releases hormones (often on direction of hypothalamus) to regulate other glands

thyroid & parathyroid

release thyroxine, regulate body temp and blood calcium

adrenal

on top of kidneys, secrete cortisol (stress & conversion of carbohydrates)

pancreas

insulin & glucagon

hypothalamus

links nervous & endocrine system

Non-infectious diseases

not caused by pathogens and arent transmittable from one individual to another

Genetic Disease

mutations that occur in germ-line cells that affect whole zygote eg

Diseases Caused by Environmental Exposure

Factors in the environment have potential to cause disease eg

Lifestyle

eg tobacco, drugs, alcohol can cause cancer, liver damage and mental health issues

Physical

eg

Chemical

Asbestos (lung disease), heavy metals

Cancer

Normal cell growth/regulatory genes disturbed leading to uncontrolled cell replication and a tumour

Nutritional Disease

caused by lack of balance and correct nutrients

undernutrition

insufficient intake of quality/quantity of food eg

micronutrient-related malnutrition

micro-nutrient deficiencies/excess eg scurvy(vitamin C), rickets (vitamin D), night blindness (vitamin A), anaemia (iron)

incidence

new cases in a specific time

mortality

deaths over a given time period

prevalence

number of people diagnosed with a disease that are still alive at the end of a given time period

Epidemiology

study patterns of disease in population

Descriptive studies

distribution in relation to age, ethnicity, sex etc

Intervention

evaluate treatment and prevention methods (eg

analytical studies

determine cause, risk factors & protective factors (observational/case-controlled compare diseased and healthy individuals, are retrospective & experimental compare individuals who are exposed to different risk factors, prospective)

Factors to improve validity

large sample size, variety of backgrounds, control group, conducted over long period of time

Legislation

minimise risk factors, particularly those that are addictive

Screening Programs

Not educational campaigns but used in conjunction with campaigns

Paid Advertising

TV/radio/internet-based advertising eg

School Based Education

programs delivered in schools, universities, worksites eg

Pre-Implantation Genetic Testing

IVF → 8 cell stage → singles cell removed and tested for certain genetic diseases (cystic fibrosis, Huntingtons disease, thalassaemia and muscular dystrophy)

Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy

singular circular piece of genetic information, 37 genes, vital for apoptosis & energy within the cell

Biofortification

increases nutritional value eg

Vaccines to prevent cancer

Human Papilloma virus linked to majority of cervical cancer & some other cancer cases

Conductive Hearing Loss

issues with mechanical conduction of vibrations throughout outer and middle ear eg

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

damage to inner ear including cochlea, hair cells or auditory nerve

accommodation

lens must adjust curvature to refract light correctly for distant/close objects

myopia (short sighted)

distant objects are focussed too far forward = blurred

hyperopia (long sighted)

light is focussed too far back, sometimes overcome by accommodation

Laser Surgery

reshape surface of eyes for better refraction eg

Cataract Surgery

natural clouding/yellowing of lens generally due to old age

Bionic Eye

camera in glasses gathers data, sends directly to processing centres in brain, bypass rods & cones

Filtration

under high pressure blood forced through glomerulus (inside bowmans capsule).All substances small enough will pass through walls of glomerulus eg

Reabsorption

returns essential components (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, hydrogen bicarbonate) reabsorbed by active transport and facilitated diffusion

Secretion

contributes to urine formation

Removal

urine collects in pelvis of kidney before moving through ureters to bladder, then excreted

ADH/vassopressin

released if there is water loss eg sweating and blood is more concentrated

aldosterone

if salt needs to be conserved eg

Chronic kidney disease

results in build up of excess waste in bloodstream