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Non infectious diseases
________: not caused by pathogens and arent transmittable from one individual to another.
Genetic Disease
________: mutations that occur in germ- line cells that affect whole zygote eg.
Stimulus
________ causes Na+ channels to open, potassium pumps to close.
Golden rice rice
________ contain genes from maize & soil bacterium, allows beta- carotene production, precursor to vitamin A.
Myopia
________ (short sighted): distant objects are focussed too far forward= blurred.
ADH vassopressin
________: released if there is water loss eg sweating and blood is more concentrated.
UV exposure
________ and loud noises cause skin cancer and deafness.
Tolerance limits
________: variables in internal environment (temperature, glucose) are maintained within a narrow range eg.
false images
Absorbs and prevent light scattering causing ________ on retina.
Hormones
________: chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream /extracellular fluids that change cell behaviour to maintain homeostasis.
Programs
Screening ________: Not educational campaigns but used in conjunction with campaigns.
Physiological
________: the processes carried out by the structure /functions within the body eg.
Hyperopia
________ (long sighted): light is focussed too far back, sometimes overcome by accommodation.
Amplify vibration
________ from tympanic membrane, pass on to cochlear fluid.
Auxins
________ (growth, bending towards light), cytokinins (cell division, seeds etc), gibberellins, abscisc acid (inhibit germination), ethylene (ripening and aging)
Removal
________: urine collects in pelvis of kidney before moving through ureters to bladder, then excreted.
Mortality
________: deaths over a given time period.
Intervention
________: evaluate treatment and prevention methods (eg.
Analytical studies
________: determine cause, risk factors & protective factors (observational /case- controlled compare diseased and healthy individuals, are retrospective & experimental compare individuals who are exposed to different risk factors, prospective)
Gel
________- like substance between lens and retina.
sharp image
Refracts light to produce ________ on retina, protects eye.
Nerve Structure
________: cell body (similar to other cell body), dendrites (receive signals from other neurons and carry to cell body), axon (carries messages away from cell body)
Bionic Eye
________: camera in glasses gathers data, sends directly to processing centres in brain, bypass rods & cones.
Vaccines
________ to prevent cancer: Human Papilloma virus linked to majority of cervical cancer & some other cancer cases.
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy
________: singular circular piece of genetic information, 37 genes, vital for apoptosis & energy within the cell.
Epidemiology
________: study patterns of disease in population.
Cancer
________: Normal cell growth /regulatory genes disturbed leading to uncontrolled cell replication and a tumour.
Nutritional Disease
________: caused by lack of balance and correct nutrients.
Hyperpolarisation
________: K+ channels close relatively slowly, inside of cell temporarily negative.
body temperature
Endothermic: ________ remains relatively constant.
homeostasis
the proccess by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment, especially for optimum enzyme function
tolerance limits
variables in internal environment (temperature, glucose) are maintained within a narrow range eg
adaptation
any inherited characteristic, process, or behaviour that aids an organisms survival in a particular habitat
ectothermic
body temperature changes with ambient temperature/metabolism generate little heat eg
endothermic
body temperature remains relatively constant
behavioural
the activities and behaviours of the organism eg
structural
the physical characteristics of the organism eg
blubber in the Australian fur seal, SA
V of Äfrican elephant ears
physiological
the processes carried out by the structure/functions within the body eg
CNS
brain & spinal cord
PNS
branching network of nerves, all enter/leave CNS eg
hypothalamus maintain temperature → Effectors
motor neurons carry impulses from the spinal cord to effectors eg
muscles, glands, organs → Response
muscle/gland responds accordingly
Reflex
bypass brain
Nerve Structure
cell body (similar to other cell body), dendrites(receive signals from other neurons and carry to cell body), axon (carries messages away from cell body)
Synapse
space between axon of one neuron and dendrite/cell body of next
electrical synapse
action potential moves directly from one neuron to the next
chemical synapse
impulse reaches end of axon, release chemicals (neurotransmitters) that travel to next neuron
repolarisation
Na+ channels close, K+ open, inside of cell more negative
hyperpolarisation
K+ channels close relatively slowly, inside of cell temporarily negative
resting state
Na/K pumps open and restore resting potential
action potential
change in electrical potential of the cell membrane of axon, caused by electrochemical impulse
Resting Membrane Potential
-70mV as there are more Na+ outside the cell
hormones
chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream/extracellular fluids that change cell behaviour to maintain homeostasis
pituitary gland
releases hormones (often on direction of hypothalamus) to regulate other glands
thyroid & parathyroid
release thyroxine, regulate body temp and blood calcium
adrenal
on top of kidneys, secrete cortisol (stress & conversion of carbohydrates)
pancreas
insulin & glucagon
hypothalamus
links nervous & endocrine system
Non-infectious diseases
not caused by pathogens and arent transmittable from one individual to another
Genetic Disease
mutations that occur in germ-line cells that affect whole zygote eg
Diseases Caused by Environmental Exposure
Factors in the environment have potential to cause disease eg
Lifestyle
eg tobacco, drugs, alcohol can cause cancer, liver damage and mental health issues
Physical
eg
Chemical
Asbestos (lung disease), heavy metals
Cancer
Normal cell growth/regulatory genes disturbed leading to uncontrolled cell replication and a tumour
Nutritional Disease
caused by lack of balance and correct nutrients
undernutrition
insufficient intake of quality/quantity of food eg
micronutrient-related malnutrition
micro-nutrient deficiencies/excess eg scurvy(vitamin C), rickets (vitamin D), night blindness (vitamin A), anaemia (iron)
incidence
new cases in a specific time
mortality
deaths over a given time period
prevalence
number of people diagnosed with a disease that are still alive at the end of a given time period
Epidemiology
study patterns of disease in population
Descriptive studies
distribution in relation to age, ethnicity, sex etc
Intervention
evaluate treatment and prevention methods (eg
analytical studies
determine cause, risk factors & protective factors (observational/case-controlled compare diseased and healthy individuals, are retrospective & experimental compare individuals who are exposed to different risk factors, prospective)
Factors to improve validity
large sample size, variety of backgrounds, control group, conducted over long period of time
Legislation
minimise risk factors, particularly those that are addictive
Screening Programs
Not educational campaigns but used in conjunction with campaigns
Paid Advertising
TV/radio/internet-based advertising eg
School Based Education
programs delivered in schools, universities, worksites eg
Pre-Implantation Genetic Testing
IVF → 8 cell stage → singles cell removed and tested for certain genetic diseases (cystic fibrosis, Huntingtons disease, thalassaemia and muscular dystrophy)
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy
singular circular piece of genetic information, 37 genes, vital for apoptosis & energy within the cell
Biofortification
increases nutritional value eg
Vaccines to prevent cancer
Human Papilloma virus linked to majority of cervical cancer & some other cancer cases
Conductive Hearing Loss
issues with mechanical conduction of vibrations throughout outer and middle ear eg
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
damage to inner ear including cochlea, hair cells or auditory nerve
accommodation
lens must adjust curvature to refract light correctly for distant/close objects
myopia (short sighted)
distant objects are focussed too far forward = blurred
hyperopia (long sighted)
light is focussed too far back, sometimes overcome by accommodation
Laser Surgery
reshape surface of eyes for better refraction eg
Cataract Surgery
natural clouding/yellowing of lens generally due to old age
Bionic Eye
camera in glasses gathers data, sends directly to processing centres in brain, bypass rods & cones
Filtration
under high pressure blood forced through glomerulus (inside bowmans capsule).All substances small enough will pass through walls of glomerulus eg
Reabsorption
returns essential components (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, hydrogen bicarbonate) reabsorbed by active transport and facilitated diffusion
Secretion
contributes to urine formation
Removal
urine collects in pelvis of kidney before moving through ureters to bladder, then excreted
ADH/vassopressin
released if there is water loss eg sweating and blood is more concentrated
aldosterone
if salt needs to be conserved eg
Chronic kidney disease
results in build up of excess waste in bloodstream
Note 
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