Studied by 101 PeopleEthical Issues in Psychology
Tags & Description
Ethical Issues in Psychology
Protection from harm, right to withdraw, confidentiality, informed consent, debriefing, deception
Overconfidence bias
the tendency to be very sure of a fact and later finding that the objective reality was different
Hindsight bias
tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
First Step to the Scientific method
Theory
Second step to the scientific method
Hypothesis
Third step to the scientific method
Testing your hypothesis
Fourth step to the scientific method
Analyze the results
Fifth step to the scientific method
Draw a conclusion
Sixth step to the scientific method
Repeat the test
Survey
samples large group via questions
Case Study
in-depth study of a single participant
Naturalistic Observation
observing and recording behavior of participant in its natural state without interfering
Experiment
scientific procedure to test a hypothesis, involves manipulating variables (IV, DV, etc) to determine cause and effect
Population
total group of individuals from which the selected group (sample) is taken
Sample
the participants, group taking part in the study
Random Sample
to be most unbiased, selection of participants should be “random” - chosen by flipping a coin, pulling names, etc.
Representative Sample
the participants used should represent the population being studied
Independent Variable
what is being manipulated? What is impacting results?
Dependent Variable
these are the results; what are psychologists measuring? (depends on the changes in independent variables); results DEPEND on changing independent
Confounding Variable
what could some other factors be that are not controlled or measured? (weather, time of day, etc)
Experimental Group
group receiving the “treatment” or changes
Control Group
group that doesn’t receive anything - left alone
Mode
what number occurs the most?
Median
what is the number in the middle?
Mean
what is the average?
Range
difference between low and high?
Cross-sectional study
different groups at one time
Longitudinal Study
following one person over an extended period
Valid
does it measure what it is supposed to measure?
Reliable
does it have consistent results? If it is replicated, would it have the same results?
Scientific Attitude
curious eagerness, skeptically scrutinize competing ideas, open-minded humility before nature
Critical Thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
Operational Definition
a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables
Replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
Correlation
connection between 2+ things (the longer you exercise, the more calories you burn) However, does not always = causation; ex: more likely to die in hospital
Placebo
pill/medicine or procedure that has no real effects
Single-blind experiment
the researcher knows who has received the placebo, but the participant does not
Double-blind experiment
neither the researcher nor the participant know who has the placebo