Human Anatomy

Exam #1

Name the 3 sections of this bone

Sternum -

Manubrium

Gladiolous

Xiphoid

What is an organ made up of?

2+ tissue

Anterior

Towards the front

Posterior / Dorsal

Towards the back

Medial

close to the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Superior ( Rostral)

Towards the head

Inferior (Caudle)

Towards the feet

Superficial

close to surface

Deep

Beneath surface

What are the different planes

Coronal, Transverse, Midsagital, Sagital/Parasagital

What are the names of these cavities

Dorsal - Brain and Spine

Ventral - All other main organs

Thoracic Cavity

Lungs

Diaphragm

Seperates the lungs and the abdomen

Pericardial Cavity

Houses the Heart

Abdominopelvic cavity

Houses the Stomach

What are the 3 serous membranes

Serous cavity - filled with fluid

Parietal layer - touches body wall on outside

Visceral layer - touches organ inside

What are the (3) types of serous membranes

Pericardial - Heart

Pleural - Lungs

Peritoneum - Guts

Retroperitineal vs intraperitineal

Retropiritineal - In the cavity but not in the parietal peritoneum (ex. Kidneys)

Intraperitineal - Inside of the parietal peritoneum

Head

Caput / Cranial Region

Neck

Cervical Region

Chest

Thorax

Armpit

Axillary region

Lower back

Lumbar region

Belly Button

Umbilical

What might a dark spot around belly button mean

Cullens sign - Potential bleeding

Pelvic Region

Perineal Region

Below Lumbar region

Sacral Region

Natal Cleft

Seperate Glutes

Deltoid Region - site of intramuscular injections

Brachium Region

Antebrachium Region

Back of hand

Dorsum of the hand

Palm

Palmar region

Cubital Fossa

Toes and fingers

digits

Thigh

Femoral Region

Calf

Crural Region

Foot

Pes

Hand

Manus

Knee

Patellar Region

Popliteal Fossa

Name these cavities

Orbital Cavity - Eyes

Nasal Cavity - Nose

Cranial Cavity - Brain

Oral Cavity - Mouth

Middle Ear Cavity

Peritoneal Lavage

Detects trauma to abdominal organs within the peritoneal - done by removing fluid

Functions of the integumentary System (6)

1. Protection

2. Prevention of Water loss

3. Temp regulation

4. Metabolic Regulation

5. Sensory Reception

6. Excretion by means of sercretion (sweating)

What are the layers of the skin (superficial to deep)

Epidermis → Dermis → Hypodermis

What are the 5 Layers of the epidermis (Deepest to most superficial)

Stratum Basale → Stratum Spinosum → Stratum Granulosum → Stratum Lucidum (only on palms, soles, and lips) → Stratum Corneum

Keratinocytes

Skin cell

Melanocytes

pigment cells

Tactile (Merkel) Cells

Cells that are sensitive to touch

Epidermal Dendritic Cells

Phagocytic cells (cells that swallow other cells for cleaning)

Stratum Basale

• Single Cell layer

• Contains pigmented Melanocytes (skin color)

• Living, reproducing cells (mitotically active)

• Contains : Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, and Teactile (Merkel) Cells

Stratum Spinosum

• Serveral layers thick

• Small mitotic activity

• Sharp edged cells

• Contains - Keratinocytes & Epidermal Dendritic Cells

Stratum Granulosum

• 3-5 cell layers thick

• Keratinocytes begin to die (fills with keratin which waterproofs skin)

Stratum Lucidum

• Only in palms, soles of feet, and lips

• Transparent

• Flat dead keratinocytes

Stratum Corneum

• 20-3- cell layers thick

• Outside layer

• Flake off continually

• Dead keratinocytes

Come Let’s Get Sun Burnt!

Hand water wrinkles

occurs from osmosis

What is the purpose of perspiration (sweating)

Cools down body by trying to evaporate water

Vasodilation

Heat expands blood vessels - brings blood to surface to cool it down ( when face goes pink)

Vasoconstriction

Blood vessels constrict when cold

What is synthesized by skin? UV light necessary

Vitamin D

Rickets disease

Bones are soft and bow due to lack of UV light and Vitamin D