Chapter 7 Ethnicities

African American Migration

-1/4 of African slaves died crossing the Atlantic

-nearly all slaves shipped to US went to the SE

-at the end of the civil war most Africans were in rural south of US

-once freed, most were sharecroppers but this had high interest rates and heavy debt

-in the 20th century, sharecropping went down, but use of farm machinery went up, causing land devoted to cotton and demand for labor to go down

-migrated out of South inot major cities, takin now interstate highways

-migrated N and W in two waves. one 1910-1920 before and after WW1 and one 1940-1950 before and after WW2

Intraregional Migration of African Americans

-when in big cities, they clustered in the 1 or 2 neighborhoods, former AA immigrants were already living in

-expansion followed the major avenues bc it was very densely populated

-”White flight” explains how expansion was possible. The white americans left big cities in anticipation of AAs coming

-this was helped by real estate practices like redlining and blockbusting

Ethnic/Racial Segregation

-Jim crow laws were “Separate but equal”

-elimination of segregation laws on 1950s and 60s

-example of afterwards is in Flint, MI when they had majority AA were exposed the lead water, pubic officials were charged for endangering health

South Africa

-4 races in different geographic regions- white, black, mixed, and asian

-british controlled until 1948 when Nationalist Party won

-Nationalist Party supported white dominance

-apartheid laws dropped in 1991

-Nelson Mandela was elected in 1994 leading the African National Congress when all South Africans were able to vote for the last time

India vs Pakistan

-british rule ended in 1947 and split country into India and Pakistan

-muslims fled to pakistan, hindus to india

-east pakistan turned independent (Bangladesh) in 1971

-never agreed on boundary of Kashmir

-muslims are a majority in both regions of kashmir, so pakistan wants them to vote to settle boundary, but India blames Pakistan and wants to keep their position

-sikhs also are majority in Punjab with 23 million and some want it a seperate state from India

The Kurds

-sunni muslims are divided among western asia

-E Turkey. W Iraan, N Syria, and N Iraq

-Kurdistan was a independent state after WW2

-6 years later much of it was determined to be turkey

-35 million kurds total with 15 in Turkey, 8 in Iran, 7 in Iraq and 2 in Syria

-Turks have suppressed the Kurd culture, language was banned until 1991

British Isles

-divided between two countries, the UK and Ireland

-nationalities differ

-UK has 4 main parts: England, North Ireland, Scotland, and Wales

-UK nationality is disputed, are they all british or 4 nationalities?

-English for England, descendants of Germanic

-Scots were celtics, independent until 1603 when their king became king of England as well and in 1707 merged government

-welsh, were celtic but conquered by england in 1282 but then united in 1536

-irish were celtic, but in 20th century north stayed part of UK

Western Asia Ethnicities

-Azerbaijanis: mostly shiite muslims and speak turkish language, live mostly in Azerbaijan and Iran

-Iraqi arabs: descendants from ancient Arabs, mostly Muslim

-Syrians: mostly different branches of Muslim and Christian, 90% of Syrian population

-Turks- mostly- Sunni and speak Turkic

in Turkey:

-3/4 are ethnic turks, who created the Republic of Turkey to encompass territory

-minority Kurds 18% of population, mainly in the East

in Iraq:

-Iraqi arabs are 90% of the population, but are divided by the branches of Islam

-Shiite claim there is discrimination from Sunnis since 1930

-1979-2003 Saddam Hussein suppressed the Shiites and Kurds in Iraq

-US led an attack in 2003 and Saddam died

in Syria

-government was controlled by minority Alawites and suppress majority Sunni since 1953-2011 when the civil war broke out

-Islamic state terrorists have control over a portion of the country

in Lebanon

-55% Muslim, 40% Christian, 5% Druze

-civil war 1975-1990, religious groups guarded territory

-Christians and Muslims are distinct, the christians came from the Phoenicians, and the Muslims are ethnically Arabs

West Central Asia Ethnicities

(4 most numerous)

-Uzbeks- turkic people from China, converted to Islam, have a turkish language

-Punjabs- term used for anyone living in Punjab region, shared Punjabi language (indo-euro), partition of South Asia in 1947 divided Punjab between India and Pakistan

-Pashtuns-there since prehistoric times, mostly Islam

Persians- descendants of immigrants from Central Asia (into mostly Iran), mostly Shiite Muslims, and speak Persian (indo-euro)

in Iran:

-mostly persians (61%), in the NW Azerbaijanis 16%, Kurds 10% in W, and 6% Lurs in W

-bad relation with US since 1979 when they held 52 americans hostage

in Afghanistan:

-42% Pashtun, 27% rajik, 9% Hazara, and 9% Uzbek

-key trading rout between Asia made ethnic diversity

-unrest and rebellion since 1979

-Taliban (Pashtun faction) got control in 1995 and put strict laws “according to Islamic laws”

-US invaded in 2001 and overthrew Taliban but this unleashed fighting for new control

-result of 4 million refugees or idp

in Caucasus:

-once part of Soviet Union, split into Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia

-98% in Armenia are ethnic Armenian, most speak Armenians and are orthodox christian

-90% of Azerbaijan is Azerbaijan

-ethnic Georgians are 82% of Georgia,

-cultural diversity has unrest especially between Ossetians and Abkhazians, which Russia has identified both as independent

in Central Asia states:

-5 states carved out of Soviet Union

-Tajiks and Turkmen are 80% of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan

-Kyrgyz and Uzbeks are 70% of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan

-Kazakhs are 60% of Kazakhstan

-most conflict is between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz

Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide

In Europe WW2:

-1939-1945

-6m Jews exterminated

-1/3 of world’s Jewish population (2/3 of Europe’s) died

-millions of germans, ples, and russians were forced to migrate because of boundary changes

-E Germany became Poland, germans moved west and E Poland was turned to Soviet Union so they also moved west

in Myanmar:

-Asia’s most extreme recent ex. in country of 54 million

-against Rohingya, living in the poorest state

-Sunni Muslims who speak indo-euro but majority of Myanmar were buddhist speaking Tino-Siebtan

-government claims they are living there illegally because they immigrated under the british colonies

-over 1 million have been cleansed, most pushed to Bangladesh

in Yugoslavia:

-”Balkans include Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and old Yugoslavia countries

-sparked WW1 in Balkans, when Austria-hungary heir was assassinated by person wanting independence for Bosnia

-after WW1, Allies created country Yugoslavia

-after leader of Yugoslavia Broz Tito died, rivalries re-emerged during 1980s, leading to the breakup of several small countries

-country borders didn’t line up with ethnicities, so more cleansing

in Kosovo:

-at the time of Yugoslavia break up, 82% of Kosovo were ethnic Albanians and 10% Serbs

-controlled by Serbia because of past history

-Serbs cleansed the Albanians, peaking at 800,00 of the 2 million mostly to camps in Albania

-NATO launched attach and ended when Serbia agreed to withdraw soldiers

-Kosovo declared independence in 2008, caused 90% of its Serbs to leave

in Bosnia & Herzegovina

-most diverse of former Yugoslavia

-22% Bosnaks, 31% Serbs, and 17% Croats

-Serbs and croats tried to cleanse the Bosnaks so places were more homogeneous with Serbia and Croatia

-In 1996 B&H were put into 3 regions, Croats got 20%, Serbs got around 50%, and Bosnaks 30% even tho they were the majority

in Africa

-huge amounts of ethnicities with differing language, religion, nationality

-1950-60s european colonies became independent which caused ethnic groups to be split up or live with other ethnic groups

Sudan

-several civil wars since 1983, biggest 2 conflicts are with Darfur and South Sudan

-70% of population is Arab and 97% are Muslim

Darfur:

-black african launched rebellion in 2003 bc of discrimination

-arab nomads Janjaweed crushed Darfur, estimate 300,000 have been victims (cleansed now live in refugee camps in desert)

South Sudan:

-war 1983-2005 death of around 2 million Sudanese and cleansing of 700,000

-ended in 2011 when S Sudan became independent

-S Sudan mostly Christian Dinka and folk religion Nuer

-war sparked by S resisting attempts to having Muslim laws

-still not peace in S, cant put stable government with other ethnicities

in Rwanda & Burundi

-long standing conflicts between Hutus and Tutsis

-very similar ethnicities but Hutus were settled farmers and Hutus were cattle herders which often causes tensions

-historically the majority has been Hutus but Tutsis have had control

-when Rwanda became independent, the Hutus had power and cleansed and genocide against Tutsis

-3 years of civil war when descendants of cleansed Tutsis invaded Rwanda

-meanwhile in Burundi, Tutsis had power but resulted in genocide to and from

-1993 agreement to share Rwanda but in 1994 presidents of both countries were shot down

-after assassination Hutus killed 800,000 Tutsis in Rwanda and 300,000 in Burundi

-Rwanda continues to be led by Tutsis, but Hutus have been elected in Burundi since 2005

in the Congo

-DRC is one of the most multi ethnic countries (around 200 distinct)

-5 million have died in DRC’s ongoing civil wars mostly from poor living conditions

-Tutsis helped overthrow longtime president Joseph Mobutu in 1997

-next pres Laurent Kabila wanted Tutsis help killing Hutus who had been against Tutsis in early 1990s, but split from them and caused the Tutsis to want to overthrow again

-Kabila went to many other groups and countries looking for help against Tutsis, was killed in 2001, succeeded by his son who created accor but there is still conflict