Hist 106 Exam 2 ULTIMATE Study Guide

Prohibition

outlaw of alcohol: women supported it, drink as a problem in the household/caused violence, poorly enforced: illegal to sell or buy, but many already had it,

Rural Protestans and Progressive reformers joined forces to cur consumption of alcohol

1. Drinking as a sin

2. Linked to prostitution, wife beating, neglected children, ad divorce

3. Elizabeth Tilton claimed alcohol was directly and indirectly responsible for abandoned children, poverty, insanity

4. Animus toward blacks, working-class, foreigners, and the poor: Known to be especially fond on drinking

5. Grain needed to feed troops in civil war, those who were making beer seen as unpatriotic divetting grain to make beer

Speakeasies

clandestine establishments that served alcohol illegally, flourishing due to the demand for alcohol and the difficulties in enforcing the ban

Rise of gangs/violence

Consequence of Prohibition

Al “Scarface” Capone

Became involved in mafia in NYC

Moved to chicago set up bootlegging operation that ran for canada to california

Compien bribed police, judges, and politiicains,

Died in 1927 of syphilis contracted years ago in one of his own brothels

Elliot Ness:

Charged Capone with tax evasion

18th Amendment

Sent to the states

Ratified on Junaury 16, 1919 banned the manufacture, sale, and trapsortation of intoxicating liquors, would go into effect in 1 yr

People with means and money could stock up on liquor in this year

Prohibition was a colossal failure

Scopes “Monkey” Trial

Teacher, John Scope, getting in trouble for teaching evolution: evolution vs religion, which belongs in schools?

Idea of liberalism vs traditionalism.

William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow were the lawyers

The Verdict: Scopes was declared guilty

Flapper girls

wore ‘short’ dresses, rebellious and carefree feminism

-drove cars, went to parties and speakeasies, drank, smoke, and gambled with the boys

What marked the end of the Roaring 20s?

The Great Depression

The Great Depression

Deepest and longest economic downturn in American history after stock market crash

25% unemployment by 1932, sometimes 50%

-increasing globalization, so the Great Depression was global

Franklin Delano Roosevelt as pragmatist (tried one thing, and then another)

-institutes the New Deal and inspires/rallies the people

-some successful policies, others less so

Transformational presidency: size of federal gov increased

-Overproduction and overconsumption and factory reproduction led to the economy falling apart and stock market crash, Hoover did not help too much, wanted laissez-faire capitalism with no gov. intervention (Hoovervilles), people panicked,

New Deal Programs

FDR”s policies: government intervention (CCC [Civilian Conservation Corp]): put 3 mil men to work, took in single male workers (could be veterans, Native Americans, and African Americans) from 17-27), earned $30 a month, 27 sent to their families.

Use gov spending to get people jobs, Social Security (take portion of money to retirement/for disabled people), gov. Tries to help people and gets money back in the economy

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

provided electricity and jobs for people in Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi, provided soil conservation, flood control, and improved schools and libraries, 1.5 million farmers now had indoor plumbing and electricity

-Voters elect more Democrats, very rare for party in the White House to gain seats, they usually lose seats

How did the New Deal impact minorities?

Some help, but excluded from most of the New Deal programs:

1. Failed to confront racism in the South

-The Great Depression hit blacks very hard, price of cotton dropped, 50% of urban blacks were unemployed

2. Discriminatory policies in the New Deal programs:

-Feared to anger powerful conservative Southern Democrat by combating racism, allowed them to insert discriminatory policies in New Deal program in exchange for their votes

-AAA program plowed over Black ppl’s crops

-Minimum wage does not apply to blacks

-Housing was socially segregated

-Roosevelt refused to support anti-lynching policies

3. Eviction of thousands of sharecroppers

Impact of the New Deal on African American voting

generally vote for FDR and Democrats (instead of the Republicans)

What ends the Great Depression?

Not New Deal Programs, but World War 2 (people/factories started producing more, women worked in the factories)

Who are the ‘bad guys’ of WW2?

Mussolini/Fascist Italy, Hitler/Nazi Germany, Hirohito/Fascist Japan

Who are the Axis Powers?

Mussolini/Fascist Italy, Hitler/Nazi Germany, Hirohito/Fascist Japan

What started WW2?

Fascism on the rise:

Hitler took pieces of land from the Czech Republic, others wanted Appeasement (not fighting, put economic sanctions on him), they did not make him give it back.

Hitler then invaded Poland, and Britain and France declared war

The Holocaust

concentration camps, genocide on minorities, 6 million Jews died, 11-12 million died total

The systematic murder of 6 million Jews, Gypsies, socialists, trade unionists, Communists, the disabled, and homosexuals

Executive order 9066

in the US, 4,000 Japanese immigrants sent to the camps to make sure no one was a spy, also Japanese-American citizens

-Commences the relocation of Japanese to internment camps: tents surrounded by armed guards, 80,000 were American citizens

-violated the right to due process and no trials

-no Japanese espionage was ever proved

-Congress apologized and gave $25,000 of compensation to each still living

D-Day

Ends the war in Europe, represented a turning point: a German defeat was only a matter of time

-Allied war planners fooled the Germans as to where the attack would take place

-dropped paratroopers behind enemy lines, but some missed  their drop points and others fell into the sea

-largest invasion fleet in history, 5,300 allied ships carried 370,000 sailors and soldiers towards the beaches of Normandy

-most intense fighting on Omaha beach, where Americans landed

-troops met a hail of German machine guns and artillery fire, 1000 soldiers drowned, many died

-170,000 Allied soldiers came ashore, Germans wounded 100,724

Nagasaki and Hiroshima

ends the war with Japan,

US dropped the bomb bc they knew the Japanese would not stop unless they bombed them,

wanted to save American lives by not invading, prevent WW3 b/c dropping a bomb sends the message that we are the only ones with nuclear weapons

What does the US do to help Europe after WW2?

wanted to rebuild the infrastructure in Europe through the Marshall Plan, UN is involved as peace-keepers

• advocated for an economic aid package to europe as a bulwark against Communist encroachment 

-directed against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos

-makes Europe prosperous to create markets for American goods 

-wanted to stop Communism from spreading 

-warned that Communist parties would get more support if Europe failed to recover

-successful in increasing industrial production

Joseph McCarthy

a Senator who wanted to end Communism, said he had proof of people in the government, Hollywood, and the Army. who were Communists, but never produced proof, riled people up.

McCarthy-ism

 the Red Scare: people started accusing one another of being Communists: Hollywood and the government

• Hollywood 10: actors accused of being Communists

• Government accused of being Communists

• The US Army accused of being Communist: everyone starts to doubt McCarthy-ism at the this point

HUAC

•  House Un-American Activities Committee: investigated people of being Communists

Civil Rights Movement

“To Secure These Rights:” Truman appointed a commission to secure Black rights, it recommended

1. Anti-lynching law

2. Abolition of the poll tax

3. Voting rights bill

4. Desegregation of armed forces

Truman banned racial discrimination in the federal government

Executive order desegregated armed forces

Jackie Robinson: first African-American baseball player in an integrated team who advocated for rights/integration for Black people, became very popular

1920s Entertainment

radio/TV, Jazz music, road trips/drive in movies with new cars/highways,

KKK in the 1920’s

Klu Klux Klan, group of people who hate Blacks, Hispanics, Asian, supported white supremacy

Tuskegee Airmen

• Black pilots in the Tuskegee Academy, flew Airplanes in WW2 as fighter pilots

600 black pilots flew 15,000 missions, demanded desegregation

China in 1949

Chinese civil war ends, Communists take over under Mao Zedong, US does not support this,

How does China becoming Communist impact the Korean War?

US believing China is a Soviet supporter, will not help us against the Koreans, do not want to lose Korea to Communism

What caused US involvement in WW2?

Japan bombs Pearl Harbor

• US wanted Japan to remove troops from China, Japanese aircraft sank 8 destroyers, many planes, and killed civilians/naval personnel

-Japan attacked American bases in the Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island 

Japan feel short of success bs:

1. US Aircraft carriers were out to sea, they were decisive instrument of war that were later used against Japan

2. Americans were able to repair ships: Japan did not destroy repair centers

3. Americans wanted to seek revenge and attack Japan

4. Put an end to American isolationism

   -Germany and Italy declared war on the US

What was the Taft-Hartley Labor Act?

Clamps down on Unions, made Unions promise they are not Communist, limits who can strike, gives power back to businesses after WW2

• passed by Congress, allows employers to campaign against efforts to form unions, required loyalty oaths from union leaders stating that they were not Communists, banned strikes by government workers, imposed an 80 day cooling off period for dangerous strikes 

-feared Unions would undercut textile mills and empower black workers

-causes Union workers to support the Democrats not the Reps