CHEM 14C - Functional Groups

Riu, Winter 2026

alkane

only single bonds

alkene

contains a C=C double bond

alkyne

contains a C≡C double bond

benzene ring

6-membered ring, 3 double bonds

hydro-carbons

composed of only H and C,

isopropyl

*R = non-hydrogen group

tert-butyl

*R = non-hydrogen group

alkyl halide

Alkane where 1 hydrogen is replaced with halogen

amine

N with 3 bonds and lone pair

alcohol

have “C-O-H” group

ether

have “C-O-C” group

thiol

have a “C-S-H” group

sulfide

have a “C-S-C” group

heteroatomic compounds

molecules containing atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, especially within ring structures (heterocycles) or as part of functional groups

aldehyde

contain C=O with H and C bonded to C=O

ketone

contain C=O with 2 C bonded to C=O

amide

contain C=O with N and C bonded to C=O

carboxylic acid

contain C=O with OH and C bonded to C=O carbon

ester

contain C=O with ‘O-C’ and C bonded to C=O carbon

anhydride

contain O atom that bridges two C=O’s

acid chloride

contain C=O with Cl and C bonded to C=O

imine

contains a C=N (N bonded to H or C, C bonded to H or C)

nitro

contains a -NO2

nitrile

contains a C≡N

carbonyl compounds

organic molecules featuring a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O), forming a polar, electrophilic group central to many classes

primary degree designation (1°)

only connected to one carbon group

secondary degree designation (2°)

connected to two carbon groups

tertiary degree designation (3°)

connected to one carbon group

quatenary degree designation (4°)

connected to four carbon groups

meythl

ethyl

propyl

butyl

Mice, Eat, Peanut, Butter, Perhaps, Hamburgers

Meth, Eth, Prop, Butyl, Pent, Hex