unit 8 world vocab

Anti-Apartheid Movement

A social and political movement aimed at ending racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.

Cold War

A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States, characterized by ideological conflict and a lack of direct military confrontation.

Collectivization

The process of transforming agriculture and rural economies from individual landownership to collective farms.

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless system in which the means of production are communally owned.

Cultural Revolution

A sociopolitical movement in China initiated by Mao Zedong aimed at enforcing communism by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society.

Fundamentalism

A strict adherence to specific theological doctrines, often in reaction to modernist teachings.

Glasnost

A policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s that called for increased transparency and openness in government institutions.

Great Leap Forward

An economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China aimed at rapidly transforming the country from an agrarian economy to a socialist society through rapid industrialization.

Indian National Congress

A political party in India that played a significant role in the Indian independence movement against British rule.

India/Pakistan Partition

The division of British India in 1947 into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, accompanied by significant geopolitical and humanitarian repercussions.

Military Industrial Complex

The relationship between a country's military and the defense industry that supplies it, seen as a vested interest that influences public policy.

Muslim League

A political party in the British Indian Empire that played a crucial role in advocating for the separate nation of Pakistan.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 for mutual defense against aggression.

Non-Aligned Movement

A group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc, promoting peace and cooperation.

Nuclear Proliferation

The spread of nuclear weapons and technology to states that do not already possess them.

Palestinian Liberation Organization

An organization founded to provide a political and military representative for the Palestinian people in their quest for self-determination.

Pan-Arabism

A political and cultural ideology advocating for the unity of Arab countries and people.

Pan-Africanism

A worldwide intellectual movement that seeks to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diasporic ethnic groups of African descent.

Perestroika

A political movement for reform within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s, initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev.

Proxy Wars

Conflicts where two opposing countries or powers support combatants that serve their interests instead of direct military engagement.

Satyagraha Movement

A nonviolent resistance strategy employed by Mahatma Gandhi to advocate for social and political change.

Soviet-Afghan War

A conflict during the late 1970s to the mid-1980s where Soviet forces intervened in Afghanistan to prop up a communist government.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance of communist nations in Eastern Europe established in 1955 in response to NATO.

White Revolution in Iran

A series of economic, social, and political reforms in Iran initiated by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in the 1960s aimed at modernizing the country.