Essentials to healthcare S2 Final

1. This is an example of what work-readiness trait? (AKS 1)

a. integrity

2. The two valves located between the structure labeled 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 are called what? (AKS 4)

d. atrioventricular valves - tricuspid and bicuspid

3. The pulmonary valve (labeled #5) is located where? (AKS 4)

c. at the opening of the pulmonary artery, leading from the heart to the lungs

4. What structure is labeled #6 on the above diagram and where is it leading? (AKS 4)

a. aortic valve leading from the heart to the body

5. Arteries are vessels that do what? (AKS 4)

c. carry blood away from the heart, mostly contain O2

6. Capillaries are vessels that do what? (AKS 4)

d. provide for gas exchange between the blood and organs and tissues

7. Blood flows through the heart to the lungs, back to the heart and out of the aorta is what type of circulation? (AKS 4)

c. pulmonary circulation

8. A centrifuge is used to separate the elements of blood into three layers. Which layer would be labeled C? (AKS 4)

c. red blood cells

9. John has arrived at his appointment complaining of a headache and blurry vision. The nurse quickly checks John's blood pressure and finds that it is high. Using the above diagram, which sphygmomanometer depicts a high blood pressure? (Blue arrow is diastolic and red arrow is systolic). (AKS 4)

d. d (red at 140 and blue at 100)

10. The image above depicts the parts of the lymphatic system. Letter F represents what structure? (AKS 12)

d. inguinal Lymph node located near the groin area

11. Structure E plays a key role in immune response, recycles iron, and destroys red blood cells, stores white blood cells and platelets. What is structure F? (AKS 12)

a. spleen

12. The thoracic duct carries lymph where? (AKS 12)

b. Upward from the cisterna chyli

13. Donna and Jake are discussing the main differences between the lymphatic system and circulatory system. The lymphatic system resembles the cardiovascular system. Which student's argument is valid? (AKS 12)

b. The lymphatic system resembles the cardiovascular system in that both systems extend throughout almost all parts of the body, and they both have a network of vessels that vary in size from microscope capillaries to large vessels. Unlike the cardiovascular system, however, the lymphatic system is not a closed loop

system.

14. Adrianna has been complaining of a sore throat and slight headache. After visiting her doctor she discovered that she has COVID-19. The physician stated that because she is also a diabetic her symptoms and complications would have been worse if she did not receive the COVID-19 vaccine. What type of immunity is the doctor referring to? (AKS 12)

d. humoral immunity or antibodies, when a protein recognizes certain pathogens and targets them specifically

15. Bryce, the star quarterback of a high school football team was injured in Friday night's football game. He was tackled by a member of the opposing team. Doctors are concerned that he may have injured his spleen. Which explanation of the effects of this trauma and possible treatments is accurate? (AKS 12)

c. The spleen has a thin covering and is soft inside, so it can be easily torn during contact sports. If a torn spleen cannot be repaired, the organ would need to be surgically removed. Although their son can still lead a normal life without a spleen, he would be much more susceptible to infection.

16. Which gastric secretion usually has a pH of 1.5-2.5 and what is its purpose? (AKS 11)

b. hydrochloric acid kills bacteria

17. Which of the following statements BEST describes absorption in the intestines? (AKS 11)

d. Movement of small food molecules from the lumen of the small intestine into the blood.

18. When food is ingested, it has to travel through the body in a specific way in order to be digested fully. Which of the following traces the CORRECT pathway of food through the digestive system? (AKS 11)

a. Mouth>Esophagus>Stomach>Small Intestine>Large Intestine>Rectum>Anus

19. Maury and Jerry are working together in their anatomy class. Their teacher asks them to create a venn diagram about mechanical and chemical digestion. Which of the following statements should go in the middle of their venn diagram? (AKS 11)

d. Large food molecules are broken down into smaller food molecules.

20. A man goes to the doctor and gets his height and weight checked. The medical assistant measures his height and weight. The 34 year old man is 5'10" and weighs 165 lbs. What is the man's BMI? (AKS 11)

c. 23.7

21. The buildup of plaque and bacteria on the teeth activates an inflammatory response from the immune system. This is called? (AKS 11)

d. gingivitis

22. What is the letter M pointing to? (AKS 11)

b. pancreas

23. Which of the following terms describes the breakdown of large fat particles into much smaller particles, aided by bile? (AKS 11)

c. emulsification

24. What happens to urine that is produced in the renal cortex and the renal medulla? (AKS 7)

b. Urine produced in the renal cortex and renal medulla seeps into the renal pelvis, which drains into the ureter.

25. When comparing symptoms and causes of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus what is the main difference? (AKS 7)

d. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the production of large amounts of urine that contains glucose while diabetes insipidus is characterized by the production of large amounts of highly diluted urine and causes an excessive urine output.

26. What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney? (AKS 7)

a. nephrons

27. Which of the following is the name of the lighter- colored, outer part of the kidney? (AKS 7)

b. renal cortex

28. What is the term for the condition where you wake up during the night because you have to urinate? (AKS 7)

d. nocturia

29. Which of the following is a difference between the male and female urinary system? (AKS 7)

a. Females have a shorter urethra than males.

30. Which of the following CORRECTLY explains why oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange occurs rapidly? (AKS 5)

d. The oxygen molecules are in high concentration in the alveoli sacs of the lungs, and readily diffuse into the blood.

31. Which of the following properly traces the air through the lower respiratory system during inhalation? (AKS 5)

b. trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

32. The equation for total lung capacity (TLC) is IRV + TV + ERV + RV. Which of the following refer to the amount of air that can be exhaled, or forced from the lungs, immediately after a normal expiration? (AKS 5)

a. ERV

33. What is the flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing to prevent food or liquids from entering the trachea? (AKS 5)

a. epiglottis

34. You are experiencing a stuffy nose and a diminished sense of taste. Which of the following best explains why this occurs? (AKS 5)

b. An accumulation of mucus on your olfactory receptors.

35. After considering her symptoms, what disease do you think Carrie has? (AKS 5)

d. Tuberculosis

36. Boyle's Law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Which of the following statements would lead to inspiration (taking in air)? (AKS 5)

c. The intrapulmonary pressure must be less than the atmospheric pressure.

37. Which of the following statements are incorrect regarding the oocytes, egg cells, and sperm cells? (AKS 8)

d. The fertilized cell produced by the combining of gametes is called a haploid cell.

38. What is happening to the respiratory passages when an individual has an asthma attack and how does an inhaler improve their condition? (AKS 5)

d. The airway passages are temporarily constricted by bronchospasms. The inhaler alleviates this problem by relaxing the muscles of the bronchi and expanding the airways.

39. Which of the following hormones is not involved in stimulating puberty? (AKS 8)

a. DNA

40. Which of the following treatments would be your first recommendation for a patient facing infertility problems? (AKS 8)

d. Lifestyle changes (less alcohol/drug usage or stress reduction)

41. Which part of the male reproductive system produces an alkaline fluid that helps to neutralize the acidity in the vagina, and explain why? (AKS 8)

c. The prostate gland, to increase the chances of sperm survival.

42. What term should Jennifer use in the EMR and why? (AKS 8)

d. Menorrhea; it means flow of blood from the uterus, which describes the issue that the patient is dealing with.

43. Which of the following pathogens can cause cervical cancer in women and genital warts? (AKS 8)

b. human papillomavirus

44. The endocrine system is similar to the nervous system, in that both systems send messages around the body. The endocrine system releases chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream. What is the relationship of the endocrine system to the functions of the reproductive system? (AKS 8)

d. The pituitary gland secretes several hormones that act on reproductive organs and are responsible for the physical differences between men and women, ovulation, menstruation, and sperm production.

45. The human reproductive system is a system of organs by which humans reproduce and bear live offspring. Which statement correctly compares the role of the female with the productive system of the male? (AKS 8)

d. The male reproductive organ functions to produce sperm and transfer it to the female reproductive organ to get fertilized, whereas the female reproductive organ functions in producing ovum (eggs) and when fused with the male gamete (sperm), will produce a live offspring.

46. How does the secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland keep the internal body temperature from falling? (AKS 10)

c. Secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland increases metabolic rate and heat production, and stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, which initiates shivering and decreased blood flow to the skin.

47. What is the difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland? (AKS 10)

d. Endocrine glands secrete chemicals into the bloodstream; exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts that lead to the body's surface or to other organs.

48. Hormone(s) secreted by the thymus gland are _____________ and serve the function of __________?(AKS 10)

d. Thymosin, essential for the development of white blood cells

49. Hormone(s) secreted by the testes are ____________? (AKS 10)

c. Testosterone, male sex hormone

50. The endocrine system constantly maintains homeostasis through a negative feedback loop. How is negative feedback accomplished? (AKS 10)

d. Reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range