Unit 2

Science

A systematic way of acquiring knowledge about the natural world through observation, experimentation, and analysis.

Inductive Method

A bottom-up approach that starts with observations and data collection to generate a hypothesis.

Deductive Method

A top-down approach that begins with a hypothesis and uses data to test its validity.

Basic Science

Research aimed at increasing fundamental understanding without immediate application, driven by curiosity.

Applied Science

The practical application of scientific knowledge to address real-world problems and develop new technologies.

Scientific Method

An organized process that scientists use to systematically investigate phenomena, formulate hypotheses, conduct experiments, and analyze results.

Hypothesis

A testable, specific prediction about the relationship between variables based on prior knowledge or observation.

Falsifiable

The characteristic of a hypothesis or theory that allows it to be proven wrong through evidence or experimentation.

Skepticism

A critical approach that involves questioning the validity of claims and requiring evidence before acceptance.

Bias

A systematic tendency to favor certain outcomes over others, potentially distorting research results.

Control

A standard of comparison in experiments that isolates the variable being tested to determine its effect.

Placebo

An inert substance used in controlled experiments to assess the effectiveness of a treatment while controlling for psychological effects.

Random Assignment

The random placement of subjects into experimental groups to ensure comparability and reduce bias.

Sample Size

The number of subjects included in a study; larger sample sizes generally provide more reliable results.

Statistical Significance

A measure indicating whether the observed difference between groups is likely due to chance or represents a true effect.

Peer Review

A process of evaluating scientific work by experts in the field before publication to ensure research quality and credibility.

Scientific Misconduct

Unethical behavior in research, including fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism of scientific results.