Human Physiology UTA Final

actin

___ is composed of multiple globular molecules polymerized to form long chains or filaments

beta blocker

A child is rushed to the hospital after taking one of grandmother's blood pressure medications

isotonic, isometric

a contraction that generates enough force to move a load__ where as one that generates force equal to the load __

towards one another

a flexor is a skeletal muscle whose shortening moves attached bones

autonomic

antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the __ division.

The precense of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of what division

detaches from actin

as ATP binds to the myosin head at the beginning of a muscle contraction cycle, the myosin head immediately

actin and ATP

each myosin head has a binding site for

lever, fulcrums

in the lever system that characterizes the interaction between bones and muscle, the bones act as the __ where as the joints form the __

increases gastric motility

increased parasympathetic stimulation

crossed extensor reflex

It is the middle of winter and you walk over an icy patch and lose your balance. As you begin to fall, you react by extending your arms to catch yourself.

spinal cord

Most reflex movements are integrated by

negative feedback

most reflexes are regulated by

3,1,2,4

1. end plate potentials trigger action potentials. 2. transverse tubules convey potentials into the interior of the cell. 3. acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate. 4. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

tendons

skeletal muscle cells are usually attached to bone by

oxidative phosphorylation

skeletal muscle fibers with the greatest endurance rely on __ for energy (op)

troponin only

smooth muscle cells lack which protein(s). (t)

the process of reciprocal inhibition

spinal interneurons prevent muscle antagonists from interfering with an intended movement (ri)

sarcomere

striated muscles are so called because of a repeated pattern of light and dark bands. One repeating unit of the banding patter is (s)

Tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord

Ten year old Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back

dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor (L-type calcium channel)

The action potential traveling along the t-tubule is detected by

inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor channel

The calcium channel in the smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum that is opened by increases in phosphollpase C activity (IP3)

depletion of glycogen stores

The cause of skeletal muscle fatigue during extended submaximal exercise is primarily a(n). (gly stor)

Ca2+

The contraction cycle is triggered by the rise in __ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. (makes bones strong)

sympathetic division

The division of the autonomic system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the (s)

muscle or gland

the effector in a reflex is (m or g)

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

the flexion reflex (function)

increasing frequency of action potentials only

The force generated by a single muscle fiber can be increased by (condition)

stabilize the position of the contractile filaments

The function of the titin protein is to (function)

rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber

The function of transverse tubules is to (function)

thick filaments

H zone contains

rotate into a position (cocked) to bind to actin

The hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin to immediately

thin filament only

the I Band contains

release of ADP from the myosin

the molecular event that occures immediately after the power stroke is the (function)

a folded area of muscle cell membrane with aCh receptors clustered at the top of each fold

the motor end plate is (function)

more stationary bone

the origin is the end of the skeletal muscle that attaches to the (thing)

alpha motor neurons

the sensory fibers of the muscle spindle organs synapse onto (amn)

basal ganglia

The structure whose abnormal function is associated with Parkinson's disease (bg)

high energy crossbridges formed

The tension generated in a skeletal muscle fiber is directly proportional to the number of

myosin light chain kinase

the protein is activated by the Ca2+ calmodulin complex to phosphorylate the myosin light chain protein

the sarcomere and the i band will shorten

When a skeletal muscle generates enough force during contraction to shorten (function)

complete tetanus involves development of maximum tension

when comparing complete tetanus with unfused (incomplete) tetanus, which is true?

Like skeletal muscle, contraction of cardiac muscle is UNDER AUTONOMIC NERVOUS CONTROL

which of the following is NOT a correct comparison of cardiac myocytes to other muscle cell types

a weak contractile stimulus activates fast-twitch motor units

Which of the following statements is NOT correct reguarding motor units and their activation

urination

which reflex is NOT controlled by the brain stem

lenth of the sarcomeres prior to contraction

within a single fiber the tension developed during a twitch depends upon (function)

somatic

spinal

cranial

innate

acquired

polysynaptic

1 involves skeletal muscles

2 integrated in the spinal cord, often modulated by the brain

3 integrated in the brain

4 reflexes that one is born with genetically determined

5 our experiences tell us how to behave

6 several neurons involved in a pathway

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

cholinergic nicotinic receptor

adrenergic receptor

cholinergic muscarinic receptor

1. released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons

2. primary sympathetic neurotransmitter

3. target receptor for preganglionic neurons

4. sympathetic tissue receptor

5. parasympathetic tissue receptor

acetylcholine

Cholinergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter (FIB)

autonomic ganglia

cholinergic nicotinic receptors are found in the (FIB) of the ANS

norepinephrine

The signal molecule (FIB) elicits the stronger response from alpha receptors

intercalated disks

the gap junctions in cardiac muscle are part of specialized cell junstions that are localized to the (FIB)

alpha motor neurons

the motor neurons that innvervate the normal contractile fibers of the muscle are the (FIB)

reciprocal innervation

In order to flex a limb, the extensors must first be relaxed and vice versa. This is done by a process called (FIB)

Somatic

(FIB) reflexes involve skeletal muscles

corticospinal tract

(FIB) is essentially a group of interneurons that run from the motor cortex to the spinal cord

Tetanus is a state of maintained contraction that occurs as a result of increased frequency of stimulation by the nerve that does not allow enough time between twitches for the muscle to relax. Tetanus is a normal event, which allows a muscle to develop its maximal force. The bacterial disease results in maintained contraction that is similar in charter to the tetanus that can result from highfrequency muscle stimulation. The disease is fatal if respiratory muscles are unable to relax because then breathing would stop

Describe the muscle condition called tetanus. Is this a normal or a pathological event? If it is normal, what is the function? If it is pathological, what is the cause? The bacterium Clostridium tetanicauses a disease called tetanus or lockjaw; you may have been vaccinated against tetanus, especially if you ever had hospital treatment for a skin wound. Speculate on whether or not the name of this disease is related to the muscle condition and why the disease can be fatal.

Answer: 1)Isotonic means same tension, that is, a type of muscle contraction that involvesmovement with a constant tension or force. An example is what the biceps brachii muscle does when flexing the elbow—once tension increases enough to move the weight of the forearm, the forearm moves steadily without further increase in tension. 2)Isometric means same length, that is, a type of muscle contraction that involves development of force without the muscle actually shortening and moving a load. An example is what the biceps brachii muscle does when trying to hold an object without changing length. Tension is exactly equal to load, which is why length does not change. 3)In an eccentric muscle contraction, the load applied to the muscle is more than the tension that muscle can generate causing the muscle to lengthen. For example, the biceps brachii muscle is flexed and you have in your hands a weight that is greater than you can lift. Thus, you slowly allow the biceps muscle to lengthen resisting movement of that heavy weight. The series elastic elements are composed of the connective tissue of the tendons and that, which is between muscle cells. Before force would be detected at the tendon (latent period), some shortening of the contractile elements occurs that pulls on the series elastic elements. Once stretched, the force can now be detected at the tendon.

Define and explain the difference between isotonic, isometric and eccentric contractions and give an example of a specific movement for each. What is the role of series elastic elements in muscle contraction?

(ch6) microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid

capillaries are best described as

transports blood away from the heart

most accurate definition of artery is a vessel that

coronary

which artery/arteries branch(es) is/are most proximal to beginning of aorta at the heart

pressure

the driving force for blood flow is a(n) ___ gradient

reduced friction

which parameters are associated with increased resistance

pericardium

the sac around the heart is the

reduced friction between the heart and the pericardium

the function of the pericardial fluid is

between atria and ventricles and between ventricles and arteries

in the heart, valves are located

Na+ ONLY

The rapid DEPOLARIZATION phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion(s)

BOTH Ca2+ and K+

during the PLATEAU phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, which ion(s) are/is CROSSING the membrane

unstable ion channels

Myocardial cells can generate action potentials spontaneously because they have

are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat

autorhythmic cells

gap junctions

DEPOLARIZATION of pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through

delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting

the AV node is important because it (function)

ventricular fibrilation

Electrical shock to the heart is usually used to reat

the Depolarization of the Atria

P wave of an ECG corresponds to

the Progressive wave of Ventricular Depolarization

QRS complex of an ECG corresponds to

tachycardia

heart rate of 125 beats per minute

begins during the latter part of the P wave

Atrial contractions

the SA node fires

which events happen at the start of a cardiac cycle

the AV valves close

which of the following events result in the first heart sound

the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed

during the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole

the QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure

During the cardiac cycle

end diastolic volume (EDV)

the term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is

the product of heart rate and stroke volume

the cardiac output is equal to

both sympathetic stimulation and application of EPINEPHERINE to the SA node

which of these will increase heart rate

3,1,4,6,2,5

1. right ventricle, 2. left atrium,3. right atrium, 4. pulmonary artery, 5. left ventricle, 6. pulmonary vein

doubling the diameter of a vessel

which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance

the heart rate will decrease

if the membranes of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node became more permeable to Potassium ions

QRS compels

abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the __ in an ECG tracing

blood flow through an organ

Perfusion

endothelium

the inner lining of blood vessels is called

ALL VESSEL TYPES EXCEPT CAPILLArIES

Smooth muscle present in the walls of

the growth of new blood vessels

angiogenesis

blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls

which of the following is ocurring during systole

pulse pressure

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is called the

kidney

which organ is NOT part of the CARDIOVASCULAR system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure

oncotic and colloid osmotic

osmotic pressure resulting form presence of plasma proteins in blood is called __ pressure

medulla oblongata

the integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the

baroreceptors

stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as __ are located in some artery walls

body temp, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels

blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to

a systolic pressure above 140mmHg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mmHG

for a diagnosis of hypertension, a patient must have

minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain pressure and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure

regarding the cardiovascular system the main roles of the kidney is to