APWH Period 2. 1450-1750

Cram Chart Early Modern

Spanish racial hierarchy

**Casta**

Built off the European belief called Social Darwinism

Slavery, child labor, and indentured servants are all know as…?

Coerced labor (forced labor)

African Slave Trade

Most of the world’s slaves were from where, and why?

West Africa Because they were


1. Not united
2. Easy to get to (follow the coast)
3. Skilled and good workers
4. No penalty

The trip enslaved people took across the Atlantic Ocean was called?

The Middle Passage

The Middle Passage

25% mortality rate

dysentery, suicides, and murders

most (60%) ended up in the Caribbean

Triangular Trade Route

Starts in Europe → goes to West Africa to pick up slaves → trip across the Atlantic (Middle Passage). Slaves gather raw materials → raw materials brought back to Europe to be turned into finished goods → with profit gained, back to West Africa they go to start process again

Social Darwinism

European belief that some people are stronger then others and that they will defeat those weaker.

European Nobility (2 Notions)

Absolutism and Divine right of Kings

Gave monarchs God-like powers

The Main Monarchy of Europe

Hapsburgs (Habsburgs)

Influenced Europe for centuries

Big monarchy

British Empire (England)

Huge empire

Social classes

Monarchy

Mercantilism

Anglican Church (Church of England)

Spanish Empire

Casta, racial ranking system

Monarchy

Mercantilism

Roman Catholic Church

French Empire

The Three Estates, classes of society


1. The clergy 2. The nobility 3. The commoners

Monarchy

Fur trade and slave trade

Mostly Catholic, some protestants. (tension)

Dutch Empire (The Netherlands)

Costal ports

Republic (unusual for the time)

Lots of trade, business people, Bankers

Spices

Protestant

Portuguese Empire

Class and race ranking

Monarchy

First to enslave Africans

Roman Catholic

Russian Empire

Very large, lots of land

Feudalism

Fur, metals, and agriculture trade

Mostly Orthodox Christianity

Ming China

Mandate of heaven (similar to divine right of kings)

Emperors/Dynasties

Zheng He, important trader

Qing China

Mughal Empire

Emperor

wealthy

violent

Islamic

Safavid Empire

Hierarchy

Theocracy, Shi’a Islam

Ottoman Empire

North Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe

Hierarchy

Theocracy, Sunni Islam

Trade, finished goods

Tokugawa shogunate (Empire)

Japan

Feudalism

Self isolated, traditional agriculture and culture

Columbian Exchange

Commodities from the east went to the west and from the west to the east.

Economically good

The Great Dying

Smallpox

Killed 95% of indigenous people

Part of the mixing and trading of goods was also the transfer of diseases

Population Growth

Increase in tech. and scientific advancements

New crops (Columbian Exchange)= more food = more people

Zheng He

Ming China

7 voyages, covered many places

Brought Chinese culture to the world

Cultural diffusion

Maps

Gave an advantage with travel, made it easier

Monsoon Trade Wind (Wind Patterns)

Able to use the wind for your advantage

Explore more efficiently

Caravels

A type of sail

Easier to use then other sails

Quick and cheaper travel

Renaissance

14th-15th century

The light after the dark tunnel

Living life to the fullest

Art, religion, music

Italy

Protestant Reformation

**Martin Luther and his 95 theses**, nailing them on the church door

Protestant vs. Catholic

He brought literacy to the world

Utilized the printing press

Mercantilism

Only selling not buying

Europe benefited, colonies did not

Joint Stock Companies

Pooling of money towards a corporation with a profit if they do well

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Silver Flow

First truly global exchange of a commodity

Created global economy

Silver inflation in China

Bad economic time

Lack of silver made price go up