[LABORATORY TESTS] Blood Chemistry

Proverbs 16:3

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This is increased in the blood through:

● Renal Dysfunction

● High Protein Intake

● Upper GI Bleeding

8-17 mg/dL

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Normal value for Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN):

Renal dysfunction

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Cystatin C is increased in the blood through ______.

0.62-1.15 mg/L

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Normal value for Cystatin C:

Creatinine Clearance

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This is used for dose adjustment in renally impaired patients.

Creatinine kinase

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

________-

• This catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups

• This is primarily found in tissues that consume high ATP

• This increases in biliary obstruction, Paget's disease, hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia.

Creatinine kinase

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups.

Creatinine kinase

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This is primarily found in tissues that consume high ATP.

Creatinine kinase

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This enzyme is increased in biliary obstruction, Paget's disease, hyperparathyroidism, and osteomalacia.

CK-BB (CK1)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

CK Isoenzyme for STROKE

CK-MB (CK2)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

CK Isoenzyme for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

CK-MM (CK3)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

CK Isoenzyme for RHABDOMYOLYSIS

Lactate dehydrogenase

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

______-

• This is rarely measured because of the lack of tissue specificity

• This is often elevated in damages to the liver, skeletal muscle and kidneys, megaloblastic and immune hemolytic anemias, and in intravascular hemolysis.

Lactate dehydrogenase

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This is rarely measured because of the lack of tissue specificity.

Lactate dehydrogenase

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This is often elevated in damages to the liver, skeletal muscle and kidneys, megaloblastic and immune hemolytic anemias, and in intravascular hemolysis.

● Liver

● Skeletal Muscle

● Kidneys

● Megaloblastic Anemia

● Immune Hemolytic Anemia

● Intravascular Hemolysis

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Lactate dehydrogenase is often elevated in damages to the _____ [6]

90 - 100

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Normal value for lactate dehydrogenase:

Troponin I and T

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

______-

• These are regulatory proteins that control the calcium-mediated interaction between actin and myosin in cardiac muscle

• This is comparable in diagnostic and prognostic efficacy.

Troponin I and T

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

These are regulatory proteins comparable in diagnostic and prognostic efficacy.

Troponin I and T

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

These offer extremely high cardiac tissue specificity and clinical sensitivity for myocardial necrosis.

Troponin I and T

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This is the gold standard for myocardial infarction.

● Aspartate Transferase (AST)

● Alanine Transferase (ALT)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

________ [2]

• These enzymes are raised in all forms of viral/ non-viral, acute/ chronic liver disease; acute viral, drug-induced, alcohol related and ischemic liver damage; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

● Viral / Non-viral Liver Disease

● Acute / Chronic Liver Disease

● Acute Viral Liver Disease

● Drug-Induced Liver Damage

● Alcohol-Related Liver Damage

● Ischemic Liver Damage

● Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

🧠Basta may “LIVER”

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Aspartate transferase (AST) and Alanine Transferase (ALT) are raised in all forms of ____ [7]

● Aspartate transferase (AST)

● Alanine Transferase (ALT)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

These enzymes are found in hepatitis [2]

Bilirubin

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

_______-

• This is a breakdown product of hemoglobin

• This is transported bound to albumin and conjugated in the liver

• Levels above 50 µmol/L may indicate “jaundice."

50 µmol/L

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Levels of bilirubin above ____ µmol/L may indicate jaundice.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

______-

• This is an enzyme found in the bile ducts, bone, placenta, and kidneys

• This is used to assess conditions such as biliary obstruction (e.g., gallstones), vitamin D deficiency, and bone disorders like Paget's disease."

Acid Phosphatase (ACP)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This enzyme is used in forensic medicine as a presumptive test for the presence of semen.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

______-

• This is a protein secreted by the prostate gland into seminal fluid

• Elevated levels may be seen in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, and prostate cancer.

Acid Phosphatase (ACP)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This enzyme is commonly involved in investigating sexual assault or rape.

● Amylase

● Lipase

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

______ [2]

• Pancreatic enzymes synthesized primarily in the pancreas and salivary glands

• serum

• urine

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Amylase can be measured in _____ [2]

Amylase

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This is the most important test in cases of suspected acute pancreatic disease.

acute pancreatic disease

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Amylase is the most important test in cases of suspected _______.

Lipase

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This enzyme may be released in blood in large amounts due to the destruction of pancreatic cells.

Albumin

______-

• This is a protein produced in the liver

• This is used to assess liver and kidney health.

Hypoalbuminemia

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This is caused by liver disease, malnutrition, or protein-wasting nephropathy, and may result in edema and ascites

● Liver Disease

● Hemolysis

● Kernicterus

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Hyperalbuminemia can be caused by ____ [3]

8-12 hours

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Fasting blood sugar (FBS) (<100 mg/dL) is measured after _____ hours of fasting to assess blood glucose levels and aid in the diagnosis of diabetes or prediabetes.

<100 mg/dL

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Normal value for Fasting blood sugar (FBS):

Glycated Hemoglobin

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

HbA1C is also known as _______.

2-3 months

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) (<5.7%) reflects average blood glucose over the past ______ months and is used for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes

<5.7%

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Normal value for Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)

<200 mg/dL

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Normal value for Total Cholesterol:

< 130 mg/dL

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Normal value for Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL):

Statins

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

These are commonly used to lower elevated levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

● Male: >40mg/dL

● Female: >50 mg/dL

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Normal value for High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL):

• Niacin

• Fibrates

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

______ [2]

• These are commonly used to raise High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL).

<150 mg/dL

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Normal value for Triglycerides:

● Statins

● Fibrates

● Niacin

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

______ [3]

• These are commonly used to reduce elevated levels of triglycerides.

Syndrome X

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Metabolic Syndrome is also known as _______.

Metabolic Syndrome

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This is a cluster of conditions that significantly increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, including high blood pressure. high blood sugar, excess belly fat, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol."

● High Blood Pressure

● High Blood Sugar

● Excess Belly Fat

● High Triglycerides

● Low HDL Cholesterol

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Metabolic Syndrome is a cluster of conditions that significantly increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, including _____ [5]

Uric Acid

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This is a product of purine metabolism in which deposition usually precipitates an acute attack or gouty arthritis.

● Acute attack

● Gouty arthritis

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Uric acid deposition usually precipitates an ______ [2]

Immunoglobulins

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

These are antibodies produced by B lymphocytes which occur in infections, chronic liver and autoimmune diseases.

B lymphocytes

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced by _____ which occur in infections, chronic liver and autoimmune diseases.

● Infections

● Chronic Liver Disease

● Autoimmune Diseases

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced by B lymphocytes which occur in _______ [3]

D-dimer

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

______-

• These are degradation products of fibrin clots.

• These are increased levels in blood are associated with coagulation

• These are used to detect venous thromboembolism.

D-dimer

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

These are degradation products of fibrin clots.

venous thromboembolism

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

D-dimer are degradation products of fibrin clots. These are associated with coagulation, used to detect _______.

● Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

● C-reactive protein (CRP)

● Procalcitonin

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Inflammatory Markers include ____ [3]

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

________-

• This measures the rate of RBC settling of whole, uncoagulated blood over time.

• Increased levels may indicate inflammation, infection, tissue necrosis, malignancy, rheumatoid collagen disease.

● Inflammation

● Infection

● Tissue Necrosis

● Malignancy

● Rheumatoid Collagen Disease

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) may indicate ______ [5]

C-reactive protein (CRP)

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

This is an acute-phase protein produced in response to tissue damage, infection, inflammation, and malignancy.

Procalcitonin

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

_______-

• This is a polypeptide

• This is a bloodstream biomarker used as an early predictor of sepsis.

sepsis

[BLOOD CHEMISTRY]

Procalcitonin is a polypeptide and a bloodstream biomarker used as an early predictor of ______.