Nurs 203 Midterm

Psychoanalytic theory

Focuses on inner drives, unconscious motives, and early experiences.

Behaviorism

Focuses on observable behavior shaped by reinforcement, punishment, and conditioning.

Cognitive theory

Focuses on how people think, reason, and understand the world.

Social learning theory

Emphasizes learning through modeling, imitation, and observation.

Humanism

Focuses on universal human needs, potential for growth, and free will.

Maslow’s theory

States people must meet lower needs (physiological → safety → love → esteem) before reaching self-actualization.

Freud’s focus

Concentrates on psychosexual stages and unconscious drives.

Erikson’s focus

Centers around psychosocial stages across the lifespan.

Piaget’s focus

Details cognitive development stages: sensorimotor to formal operations. HOW CHILDREN THINK

Information processing

Compares thinking to a computer — input, storage, and retrieval.

Skinner’s contribution

Introduced operant conditioning through reinforcement and punishment.

Bandura’s contribution

Developed the concepts of social learning, modeling, and self-efficacy.

Maslow’s contribution

Created the hierarchy of needs leading to self-actualization.

Genome

The full set of genes that make up an organism.

Purpose of genetic counseling

Helps families understand genetic risks; beneficial for older parents, those with a family history of disorders, or known carriers.

Normal pregnancy duration

About 38–40 weeks (40 weeks from the last menstrual period).

Trimester months

1st: Months 1–3, 2nd: Months 4–6, 3rd: Months 7–9.

Age of viability

Around 22–24 weeks; when a fetus MIGHT survive outside the womb with medical support.

Teratogen

Any substance that can harm prenatal development, including alcohol, drugs, infections, and radiation.

Threshold effect

A teratogen is harmless until exposure reaches a certain level.

Adequate prenatal care

Includes regular checkups, nutrition, screenings, and education to improve outcomes for mother and baby.

Stages of labor

1. Dilation/Effacement of cervix

2. Delivery of baby

3. Delivery of placenta.

Effacement

Thinning of the cervix.

Dilation

Opening of the cervix measured from 0 to 10 cm.

Cervix

The lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.

Fundus

The top part of the uterus.

Presentation

The part of the baby entering the birth canal first, usually the head.

C-sections prevalence and risks

Approximately 30% of U.S. births; risks include infection, longer recovery, and breathing issues for baby.

APGAR

Measures Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.

Skin-to-skin

Placing baby on parent’s chest; helps stabilize temperature and heart rate, and promotes bonding.

Kangaroo care

Skin-to-skin contact for preterm infants that improves weight gain, bonding, and regulation.

Signs and risks of post-partum depression

Includes sadness, withdrawal, anxiety; risks are hormonal changes, stress, and lack of support. Most serious is postpartum psychosis requiring immediate medical care.

Low birth weight

Defined as less than 5.5 lbs; associated with risks like breathing problems, developmental delays, and infections.

Encouragement for breastfeeding

Early latch, skin-to-skin contact, rooming-in, and support.

Interferences to breastfeeding

Formula supplementation, separation from baby, and poor latch support.

Benefits of breastfeeding

For baby: immunity, fewer infections, ideal nutrition; for mother: bonding, reduced bleeding, lower cancer risk.

Lifespan Perspective

Development is lifelong, multi-directional, multi-contextual, multi-cultural, and plastic.

Nested Systems

Development occurs within layers of context, including microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.

Nature/Nurture Interaction

Development results from the interplay between genetics (nature) and environment (nurture).

Critical Periods

Specific times during development when certain events must occur for normal development.

Sensitive Periods

Times during development when a particular experience has a profound effect, but it is not the only time it can occur.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s theory that individuals must meet basic needs before progressing to higher-level needs like self-actualization.

Genome

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

Teratogen

Any substance that can cause malformation or harm to a developing embryo or fetus.

Apgar Score

A quick test performed on a newborn baby to assess their health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

Social Referencing

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reaction

Parralel

Assosiative

Onlooker

Occupied