cellular level

germ cells, reproductive cells, gametes

what else are sex cells called?

sperm

what are male sex cells called?

oocyte

what are female sex cells called?

body cells

what are somatic cells?

plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

the three generalized structures of cells

cytosol

the ____ is the intracellular fluid

organelles

subcellular structures with specific functions

cells three generalized functions

regulate inflow/outflow of materials across the cell, compartmentalize chemical reactions and activities, uses genetic material to direct cell activities

plasma membrane

the barrier between the cytosol and extracellular fluid

nutrients must be able to enter

metabolic wastes must be able to leave

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

what is the plasma membrane made of?

integral proteins

proteins that cannot be separated from the plasma membrane without damaging or destroying the plasma membrane

glycoprotein

integral proteins with an attached carbohydrate that is surrounded by interstital fluid

peripheral proteins

proteins that are bound to the inside or outside of the plasma membrane and is easily detachable

anchoring, recognition, enzymes, receptor, carrier, channels

what are the functions of plasma proteins?

glycocalyx

membrane carbohydrates form a coating of sugar on the cell’s external surface

potassium ions and carbon dioxide

more of these elements on the outside of the cell

oxygen, sodium, calcium, hydrogen ions

less of these elements on the inside of the cell

cytoplasm

the material inside the cell

non-membranous organelles

organelles not enclosed by the membranes and have direct contact with the cytosol

membranous organelles

organelles that are isolated from the cytosol by a membrane

cytoskeleton

the cell skeleton that gives cytosol shape, strength, movement, and flexibility

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

three types of protein filaments

microvilli

small, finger like projects of the membrane that cover surfaces of cells that actively absorb materials

increases surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

cannot control movement

cilla

long and slender projects of plasma membrane

beat rhythmically to move fluids across cell surface

flagellum

whip-like extension of plasma membrane that causes movement

only found in sperm

ribosomes

organelles responsible for protein synthesis

free ribosomes

scattered through the cytoplasm

produces proteins for the cytosol

fixed/bound ribosomes

bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

produces proteins for the plasma membrane or extracellular environment

proteasomes

organelles that contain protein-digesting (proteolytic) enzymes called proteases

centrosome

near the nucleus, contains a pair of centrioles that arranges microtubules

will form a miotic spindle in cell division

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

network of membranes that surrounds the nucleus

smooth er

no ribosomes are attached

synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol needed to grow the plasma membrane

contains glucose-6-phosphate

glycogen > glucose-6-phosphate > glucose

what does glucose-6-phosphate do?

rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

has ribosomes, synthesis and packaging of proteins

fixed ribosomes produce, ___ modifies and exports them to the golgi apparatus

proteins are packaged into transport vesicles

golgi apparatus

receives protein from a transport vesicle

adds and removes carbs to or from proteins to change structure and function

lysosomes

vesicles produced by the golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes

essential cleanup and recycling inside the cell

deroxisomes

smaller than lysosomes and contain different enzymes

produced at free ribosomes instead of at the golgi apparatus

self-replicating

mitochrondria

produces energy in the form of ATP molecules

digests organic molecules (glucose and fatty acids)

inner membrane contains folds called cristae that increase surface area

ATP is generated within the matrix

nucleus

largest structure and the control center

stores all info needed to control synthesis of the proteins inside the body

determines structure of the cell and functions

connected to the rough er

red blood cells

what kind of cell doesn’t have nuclei?

skeletal

what kind of cells have multiple nuclei?

nuclear pores

allows for chemical communication between nucleus and cytoplasm

chromatin

loosely packed DNA when cell is resting

46

how many chromosomes are in somatic cells?

23

how many chromosomes are in sex cells?

transcription

synthesis of mRNA (messenger RNA) from DNA in the nucleus

translation

transcript is decoded into a protein with the help of a ribosome and tRNA molecules

simple diffusion

small, non-polar molecules squeeze between phospholipids molecules from high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

requires assistance from plasma protein to cross. carrier proteins help

requires no ATP

causes shape of the protein to change

sodium-potassium exchange pump

removes excess NA+ and recaptures lost K+

each molecule of TP exports 3 NA+ and imports 2 K+

vesicular transport

movement of materials in and out of cells that take place in vesicles

endocytosis

extracellular materials that can be packaged in vesicles at the cell surface and imported into the cell

requires ATP

vesicles are called endosomes

phagocytosis

“cell eating”

contains solid particles

fuses with lysosomes which digests its contents

pinocytosis

“cell drinking”

endosomes that are formed are filled with extracellular fluid

exocytosis

vesicle formed inside the cell fuses and becomes part of the plasma membrane

contents of the vesicle are released into extracellular environment

membrane potential

inner layer facing the cytoplasm has a slight negative charge

positive and negative charges are attracted but kept apart by the plasma membrane

30-32 molecules of ATP

how much ATP does 1 molecule of glucose produce?

glycosis

anaerobic process that produces ATP

citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) and electron transport chain

aerobic processes that produce ATP