Sport Psychology Project 1

Research Terms

Adherence is

faithfully following a standard of behavior that has been established as part of a negotiated agreement

a person continuing in an exercise program is an example of ?

Adherence

Aerobic Fitness is the ability

of the cardiorespiratory system to take up and use oxygen; the capacity to carry out activities that use large-muscle groups at moderate intensities; which permit the body to use oxygen for the production of energy and which can be sustained for more than a few minutes.

Attitude is an

evaluation of and reaction to an object, person, event, or the idea; includes a cognitive, affective and behavioral component.

Bias is the

systematic departure of results from the correct values as a consequence of errors in design or investigational technique

The effects of any factor that the researcher did not expect to influence the outcome is a

Bias

Confounder is an

extraneous factor that is not a consequence of exposure.

Correlation is a

statistical index used to represent the strength of a relationship between two factors, how much and in what way those factors vary, and how well one factor can predict the other.

True or False: Using correlations provides you with cause and effect information?

False

A dependent variable is the variable in a study whose

values are predicted by the independent (predictor) variable, or that “depend” on another variable

What variable is the “outcome” variable?

Dependent

Determination is the

variable that has an established reproducible association or predictive relationship with an outcome variable. (in exercise behavior research)

Effect size is a measure

of an association or strength of a relationship; the difference in the outcome for the average subject who received the treatment from that for the average subject who did not. Broadly speaking, any measure of association or strength of a relationship, often thought of as an indication of practical significance

Empirical means

relying on or derived from observation or experiment

Exercise is a

subcategory of physical activity; it is physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive.

Experiment is when the

Investigator manipulates the variables along with observing them, then examines how change in one variable affect changes in others

External Validity is the extent to which

the results of a study can be generalized or extended to others.

• Researchers go to great lengths to select a group of people for the study (a sample) that is representative enough that the results can be extended to lots of people

Halo effect is an

experimenter expectancy effect in which certain characteristics are ascribed to a subject based on other known characteristics

What effect is the tendency of the participants to improve following the manipulation of the independent variable simply because of the attention associated with the treatment.

Hawthorne Effect

What is a testable prediction about the relationship between at least two events, characteristics, or variables.

Hypothesis

True or False: Hypotheses usually come from theories.

True

An Independent variable is a variable that is

manipulated by the researcher with the idea that it will have an effect on another variable (dependent variable);

Which variable can be used to explain or predict the values of another variable

Independent Variable

Instrument Stability is when the

scores do not fluctuate widely without explainable cause

Internal Validity

Occurs when a researcher controls all extraneous variables and the only variable influencing the results of an experiment is the one being manipulated by the researcher. This means that the variable the researcher intended to examine is indeed the one affecting the results and not some other, unwanted variables.

What are the several threats to Internal Validity ?

history, maturation of participants , testing, instrument decay, and statistical regression.

An intervention is

Health-promoting activities with the intention of instilling or maintaining health related attitudes, beliefs, norms, and behaviors in a specific target.

Likert Scaling is a

Questionnaire format in which respondents are given statements and are asked to respond to each statement by indicating how they relate to it by choosing among several different qualifiers anchored around a neutral point by two extreme responses.

Mean is a

measure of central tendency which is more commonly known as an "average."

The average or mean is calculated by

adding all scores and then dividing by the number of scores.

The median is a measure

of central tendency that is defined as the midpoint in an array of numbers

The Mediator Variable is a variable that

transmits the effects of another variable (predictor) on an outcome.

A meta-analysis is a

Quantitative procedure for summarizing the effects of a number of research studies on a common topic

a moderator variable is a variable that

influences the relationship between two other variables; influences how an intervention or mediator affects the outcome

What is the Over-Justification Effect?

When getting a reward for doing something that was intrinsically rewarding (it was fun to do all on its own) is now seen as totally different because a reward is being provided and the person no longer enjoys doing the activity.

Physical Activity is any

bodily movement that results in the burning of calories.

Physical Fitness is an

outcome that can be attained through exercising at the frequency, intensity, and length of time prescribed by the ACSM (1995).

The Placebo is a

treatment given to a control group in experimental research that is meant to have no effect; used in comparison to the treatment, or independent variable, that is being tested

Prevalence is the number of

existing cases of a disease or condition divided by the total population at a point in time

Psychology is a scientific

discipline concerned with the study and application of principles of behavior and mental processes in humans and other animals in their interaction with the environment

Relative Risk is the ratio of

the two rates of the occurrence of disease in two groups.

Reliability is a

Characteristic of a measure that includes precision, accuracy, and stability across time; freedom from measurement or random error. The reproducibility of a measurement.

You quantify reliability simply by

taking several measurements on the same subjects

Poor reliability degrades

the precision of a single measurement and reduces your ability to track changes in measurements in the clinic or in experimental studies

What effect is the self-fulfilling prophecy ? Also known as?

Rosenthal Effect (Pygmalion Effect)

Science is a

process, or method of learning about the world through the systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical filtering of knowledge acquired through experience.

The scientific theory is a set of

interrelated facts that presents a systematic view of some phenomenon in order to describe, explain, and predict its future occurrence.

The standard deviation is a measure of

variation (or variability) that indicates the typical distance between the scores of a distribution and the mean

Statistical Significance is the

probability of some result from a statistical test occurring by chance. The point of doing research and running statistical analyses on data is to find truth. Sport and exercise psychologists often look for a probability of 5% or less that the results are do to chance, which means a 95% chance the results are "not" due to chance. When you hear that the results of an experiment were statistically significant, it means that you can be 95% sure the results are not due to chance

A study involves

an investigator observing or assessing factors without changing the environment in any way. Limited ability to identify causal relations between factors.

Test-Retest Reliability is a measure of

consistency for tests and other instruments. Individuals are asked to take the test of interest and then take the same test again at a later date. The scores are then compared. The closer the scores are, the more reliable the test

What is the ability of a test to detect a disease or attribute?

Test Sensitivity

What is the ability of a test to discriminate ?

Test Specificity

Trait is a

person's enduring characteristics or dispositions which give rise to their behaviors or behavior patterns.

Validity is the agreement between

the value of a measurement and its true value

You quantify validity by

comparing your measurements with values that are as close to the true values as possible.

Poor validity also degrades

the precision of a single measurement, and it reduces your ability to characterize relationships between variables in descriptive studies.

Variables are any

characteristic that can assume multiple values or can vary in participants

Variables can

include age, gender, body weight, alcohol consumption, attitude and many, many other attributes.

Kinesiology is

a scientific study of human body movement

Kinesiology addresses

Physiological, Anatomical, Biomechanics, and Neuropsychological Principles and Mechanisms of Movement

State is a

Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving in a concrete situation at a specific moment in time

a Control group is

Not subjected to a treatment or intervention and greatly strengthens researchers’ ability to draw conclusions from a study.

Social Facilitation

Subjected to treatments or interventions believed to have an effect on the outcome of interest