Microbiology Part 1

Cell wall, membranes, and capsule

What are the components of the cell envelope?

Nucleotide, ribosomes, and general contents

What are the components of the Cytoplasm?

Flagella and pili

What are the components of the appendages?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

What are the two types of cells?

Structure, metabolism, growth, and evolution

What are the properties of all bacterial cells?

Differentiation, communication, motility, and horizontal gene transfer

What are the properties of some bacteria cells?

Bacteria

What is the smallest free-living organism known

Cocci

Spherical cell shape

Infections in humans, antibiotic resistance, grow in bunches

What does cocci do?

Gram positive, purple from gram-staining

What type of staining is cocci?

Bacillus

Spiral shaped bacteria

Vibrio

A curved/comma-shaped rod bacteria

Spirillum

A thick, rigid spiral bacteria

Spirochete

A thin, flexible spiral bacteria

Pathogenicity by corkscrewing through tissue

What does spiral shape bacteria help with?

Bright field microscope

Microscope with gross examination of bacteria, use direct light on stained specimen

Dark field microscope

Observing specimens that lack sufficient contrast to be seen by bright field (minute particles, flagella)

Phase contrast microscope

Amplifies small differences in refractile indices and enhances specimen contrast, no stain used

Fluorescent microscope

Detects objects illuminated by UV light use a fluorochrome FITC absorbs blue and green light

Electron microscopy

Used to look at specimens under 0.2 um, has two types that use beams of electrons to react with atomic nuclei

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Electrons pass through specimen and scatter due to electron density, areas of specimen that are electron dense not penetrated

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Allows observations on surface of specimen

Unstained bacteria

Bacteria with no cell outline, vague, no clear differentiation between different types of cell

Stained bacteria

Bacteria with a clear cell outline, clearly two different species of microbes

Simple dye

Dye used to enhance contrast between specimen and background, used for cell size, shape, and arrangement (safranin stain)

Differential staining

Two dyes that contrast, counter stain, use several stains and de-stain steps (gram stains)

Gram stain

Stain that differentiates between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Violet

What color is gram positive in a gram stain?

Red

What color is gram negative in a gram stain?

Gram positive

Which gram stain uses the higher peptidoglycan content to capture violet dye?

Gram negative

Which gram stain uses the higher lipid content and does not allow any violet staining?

Acid fast stain

Stain that determines resistance to acid de-colorization, distinguishes high wax in wall from other bacteria

Endospore stain

Stain that stains spore within cell which is very resistant to environmental conditions

Negative stain

Stain to determine morphology, arrangement, and size of bacteria or component that may be affect by heat fixing