Anatomy Lab

Arm

Attaches the head, nosepiece, and base. When transporting the microscope, grip the arm with one hand.

Base

The bottom part of the microscope. When transporting the microscope, place one hand under the base for support.

Iris Diaphragm

A lens system that focuses light onto the specimen, enhancing visibility and detail during microscopy examinations.

Coarse adjustment knob

A large knob on a microscope used to make significant changes in focus, allowing for initial alignment and focusing of the specimen.

Fine adjustment knob

A smaller knob on a microscope that allows for precise focusing adjustments, enhancing the clarity and detail of the specimen.

Eyepieces

The part of the microscope that you look into.

Ocular lenses

Another name for eyepieces, which magnify the specimen for viewing. 10x normal size

Head

The part of the microscope that provides attachment points for the ocular and objective lenses.

Mechanical stage

Platform that holds the slide in place.

Mechanical stage controls

Knobs used to move the mechanical stage left and right or up and down.

Nosepiece

Connects the objective lenses to the head, and rotates to change the objective lenses.

Scanning objective lens

Shortest objective lens. Magnifies 4x; has the greatest field of view and the deepest depth of field. Marked with a red band.

Low power objective lens

Second shortest objective lens. Magnifies 10x and marked with a yellow band.

High power objective lens

Second largest objective lens. Magnifies 40x and marked with a blue band.

Total magnification of scanning objective lens

40x

Total magnifcation of low power objective lens

100x

Total Magnification of high power objective lens

400x

total magnification of oil immerson lens

1,000x

Simple Squamous Epithelium

• single layer of flat cells

Found in the Alveoli(air sacs) of the lungs and the Endothelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

• A single layer of cube-shaped cells

Found in the kidney tubules & ovary surface

Simple columbar epithelium

• Single-layer or column-shaped cells

Found in the small/large intestine, stomach, gallbladder, and lines the uterus

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

• Single layer of columnar cells, but not all reach the apical surface; cells on the apical surface may be ciliated

Ciliated version is found in the trachea; non-ciliated version lines the epididymis

Stratified squamous epithelium- Keratinized

• contain layer of dead squamous cells

Found on epidermis of skin

Stratified squamous epithelium- Non-Keratinized

• Multiple layers of flat apical cells

forms inner lining of mouth, esophagus, and vagina

Transitional epithelium

• Multiple layers of changing apical cells

Lining the ureters, the urinary bladder, and part of urethra

Mesenchyme

• Primarily found in embryo

• Mesenchymal cells

• Connective Tissue

Areolar tissue

• Cushions organs, plays role in inflammation, holds tissue fluid

  • found Below the skin and surrounding organs

    • Fibroblasts, macrophages, and white blood cells

Connective Tissue

Adipose tissue

• Insulates body, supports and protects organs

• Found Under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen and breasts

  • Adipocytes

CONNECTIVE

Reticular tissue

LOOKS LIKE A GRAPE VINE
- Found in Lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, spleen

• Fibroblast, white blood cells, and macrophages

  CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Dense regular tissue

• Attaches muscle and bone in various way

Found in Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

• contain Fibroblasts

  CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• In order or a pattern

Dense Irregular Tissue

found in Dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract

• contains Fibroblast

  Connective Tissue

• NOT in a pattern or order

Elastic tissue

• Found in Walls of large arteries; walls of bronchial tubes

• contains fibroblast

• CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Hyaline Cartilage

Found inNasal septum, trachea, larynx, costal cartilage, ends of long bones

• Chondrocytes (contained in a

  lacuna)

  • Looks like beans

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Elastic cartilage

Maintains shape while allowing flexibility

• Found in External ear, epiglottis

• Contains Chondrocytes (contained in a

  lacuna)

• CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Bone

Supports and protects

• Osteocytes (contained in a

  lacuna

CONNECTIVE

is brown

Blood

Found in Contained within blood vessels

• contains Erythrocytes, leukocytes

  Connective

• looks like: a bunch of tiny red dots

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Provides voluntary movements.

• Location: Skeletal muscle attached to bones

  Contains; Skeletal muscle fiber or cells

  MUSCLE TISSUE

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary pumping of the heart

• Found in Walls of the heart

  Contains Cardiac muscle cells

  MUSCLE TISSUE

Smooth Muscle

Location: Walls of intestines, bladder, uterus, stomach, and blood vessels

• Contains:Smooth muscle cells

Nervous Tissue

Neurons are excitable cells that send and receive electrical signals called impulses

• Contains Neuroglia cells

• Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

  NERVOUS TISSUE

Anterior

Toward the front of the body

• Example: The heart is anterior to the spine.

Posterior

Toward the back of the body

• Example: The spinal cord is posterior to the lungs.

Superior

Above; closer to the head

• Example: The lungs are superior to the stomach.

Inferior

Below; closer to the feet

• Example: The liver is inferior to the heart

Medial

Middle

• The little finger is medial to the thumb.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

• The spleen is lateral to the pancreas

Superficial

Toward the surface of the body

• The skin is superficial to the muscles

Deep

Beneath the surface of the body

• Ex: The bones are deep to the skin.

Proximal

Closer to the trunk of the body

• ex: The shoulder is proximal to the elbow

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

Ex: The wrist is distal to the elbow.

Sagittal Plane

Right/ left

Deep

Beneath surface of body

Frontal Plane

Seperates body into anterior/posteror portions

• runs vertically

Ventral

Front

Dorsal

BackCr

Cranial (cephalad)

closer to head

Caudal

Closer to tail

Coronal (crown)

front/back

Transverse Plane

Superiori/inferior

Oblique plane

Runs at an angle to all main planes

Midsagittal Plane

Seperates body into EQUAL right & left portions

• runs vertically

Step 1.) Prophase

Chromatin condenses forming chromosomes

• Unorganized clumped in middle

Step 2.) Metaphase

Chromosomes move/cluster to middle of the cell

• Chromosomes MET in the middle

• together skinny line in middle

Step 3.) Anaphase

Ripping Chromosomes in half

(Ripping Ana in half)

• opposite ends of cell

Step 4.) Telophase

Identical pairs of chromosomes are at opposite ends of cell & begin to uncoil

• kinda look like 2 diff cells…. far away from each other

Pleural Cavity

Protected by the Pleura

Parietal Pleura

Lines the pleural cavity wall

Visceral Pleura

Covers the surface of the lungs

Pericardial Cavity

Protected by the pericardium

Parietal Pericardium

Covers the Pericardial cavity wall

Visceral Pericardium

Covers the surface of the heart

Abdominopelvic cavity

protected by the peritoneum

Parietal peritoneum

Covers the adbominopelvic cavity wall

Visceral Peritoneum

covers the majority of the abdominal organs

Integumentary organs

skin, hair, nails

Skeletal Organs

Bones, Ligaments, Cartilage

Muscular Organs

Muscles and Tendons

Endocrine Organs

Thyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Ovaries

Cardiovascular Organs

Heart & Blood Vessels

Lymphatic Organs

Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils, and Lymph Nodes

Respiratory Organs

Nasal cavity, Larynx, trachea, & Lungs

Digestive Organs

teeth, Tongue, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Small & Large Intestine

urinary organs

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Nervous organs

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Reproductive system

Male- Penis, scrotum,testes

Female- Ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes

Stomach Regions right IN ORDER from top to bottom

Right hydochondriac region

Right Lumbar Region

Right Iliac Region

Stomach regions in order MIDDLE

Epigastric

Umbillical

Hypogastric

Stomach Regions IN ORDER LEFT- TOP TO BOTTOM

Left Hypochondriac Region

Left Lumbar Region

Left iliac Region