Enzymes

What's an enzyme?

A biological catalyst

What are enzymes made of?

Amino acids—theyre proteins

What are enzymes named after?

Their substrates. The enzyme ends in “ase”

What's a lock & key model/theory?

Substrates fit perfectly into an enzyme’s active site

What the induced fit theory?

Enzymes aren't perfect shaped for the substrates to fit, and instead bend slightly to fit

What's the difference between the lock and key model and induced fit?

Lock and key implies the substrate and enzyme fit perfectly, while induced fit implies that there is leniency in an enzyme's shape

What's protein structure?

It's the way amino acids are connected to form proteins, then enzymes

What's primary structure of a protein?

Linear chain of amino acids

What's secondary structure of a protein?

Coils and folds due to hydro bonding within polypeptide backbone

What are the two shapes of secondary structure of proteins?

Alpha helix, Beta sheet

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

3D folding due to interactions between side chains

What is the quarternary structure of a protein?

Association or two or more polypeptides

What does it mean for an enzyme to denature?

Enzyme loses its shape, and therefore function

What happens when an enzyme loses its shape?

It loses its function

What can cause an enzyme to denature?

Change in pH, raise in temperature

What does pH stand for?

Potential of hydrogen

What's the pH scale?

1 - 14

1 (acidic) ←7 (neutral)→ 14 (basic

What happens to an enzyme when temperature raises?

The enzyme denatures

What happens to an enzyme when temperature decreased?

Reaction rate decreases

What's the optimal temperature for the human body?

37C/98.6F

What is the order food passes through the body?

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine

What enzyme is in the mouth?

Amylase - breaks down starches

What does the esophagus (and small intestine) do to move food along?

Peristalsis - muscle contractions

What enzyme is in the stomach?

Pepsin - breaks down proteins

What enzymes are in the small intestine?

Lactase and sucrase

Where are villi?

Villi are in the small intestine

What are villi?

Fingerlike projections in the small intestine that help with digestion

What does the large intestine do?

Absorbs excess water from waste

What enzymes do the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas produce?

Lipase, trypsin, insulin

What eventually happens as either the concentration of enzymes or substrates increases?

The rate of reactions eventually levels off