What's an enzyme?
A biological catalyst
What are enzymes made of?
Amino acids—theyre proteins
What are enzymes named after?
Their substrates. The enzyme ends in “ase”
What's a lock & key model/theory?
Substrates fit perfectly into an enzyme’s active site
What the induced fit theory?
Enzymes aren't perfect shaped for the substrates to fit, and instead bend slightly to fit
What's the difference between the lock and key model and induced fit?
Lock and key implies the substrate and enzyme fit perfectly, while induced fit implies that there is leniency in an enzyme's shape
What's protein structure?
It's the way amino acids are connected to form proteins, then enzymes
What's primary structure of a protein?
Linear chain of amino acids
What's secondary structure of a protein?
Coils and folds due to hydro bonding within polypeptide backbone
What are the two shapes of secondary structure of proteins?
Alpha helix, Beta sheet
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
3D folding due to interactions between side chains
What is the quarternary structure of a protein?
Association or two or more polypeptides
What does it mean for an enzyme to denature?
Enzyme loses its shape, and therefore function
What happens when an enzyme loses its shape?
It loses its function
What can cause an enzyme to denature?
Change in pH, raise in temperature
What does pH stand for?
Potential of hydrogen
What's the pH scale?
1 - 14
1 (acidic) ←7 (neutral)→ 14 (basic
What happens to an enzyme when temperature raises?
The enzyme denatures
What happens to an enzyme when temperature decreased?
Reaction rate decreases
What's the optimal temperature for the human body?
37C/98.6F
What is the order food passes through the body?
Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine
What enzyme is in the mouth?
Amylase - breaks down starches
What does the esophagus (and small intestine) do to move food along?
Peristalsis - muscle contractions
What enzyme is in the stomach?
Pepsin - breaks down proteins
What enzymes are in the small intestine?
Lactase and sucrase
Where are villi?
Villi are in the small intestine
What are villi?
Fingerlike projections in the small intestine that help with digestion
What does the large intestine do?
Absorbs excess water from waste
What enzymes do the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas produce?
Lipase, trypsin, insulin
What eventually happens as either the concentration of enzymes or substrates increases?
The rate of reactions eventually levels off