NECESSARY SOURCES

To Amabilis, a heavily-armed gladiator, born a Dacian, a man of 13 fights, cheated by fate, not by man

Writer: Dalmatia

→ secutor

→ fatal fight

→ Amabils was not ‘defeated’ by another gladiator but fate chose him to die

→ stock phrasing to praise a defeated gladiator

The helmet of a murmillo

Founded: In pompeii

→ Heavy, incombered

→ Hercules, son of Zeus - strength, bravery inspires gladiators

→ Brim + face visor

→ Neck protected

A venator

Source: 2nd century AD terracotta relief carving

→ animal fighter

→ bestiarus attacking

→ loin cloth (subligaculum)

→ laced up sandals as leg protection

A story about Eppia (a mother) attracted to a gladiator and wanting to run away with him written by…

Juvenal Satires

→The gladiator was ugly but was a Hyacinthuses and therefore attractive

→ left her husband and children

→ source depicts women as stupid, only caring about status

→ relies on satire writing (biast, controversial, overexaggerated)

Charioteer, Ostia

→ lorrel wreath + palm } symbolising winning

→ evidence for the popularity of chariot racing (wall painting in peoples houses)

Ovid, Amores

→ speaks about chariot racing

→ Gods dedicated in racing e.g. “victory, neptune, mars, phoebus etc.”

→ trys to get close to a girl (shows he is creepy) “Why do you edge away from me?”

→ shows the audience seating and how tight/ uncomfortable it is “the seat boundary forces us together

Dinner parties - Petronius, Satyricon

→ reciters+ acrobats + Ajax slashing calf + story telling (Greek hero, soldier in trojan war) } entertainment

→gold crowns + alabaster jars of toilet cream + saffron cakes } luxury + lavish spectacle

→ praise God’s Lucre (wealth)

Jupiter and Mercury visit an old couple, Baucis and Philemon

→ Ovid, Metamorphoses

→ Visiting people disguised as a mortal

→ Lots of people rejected to help him

→ However one house knew its duty of gods and men } shows piety

Gilt bronze head of Minerva

The emperor Marcus Aurelius makes a sacrifice (relief carving: AD176)

→ located in roman forum

→ we can see:

• pontifex - veiled head at altar

• bell (which would be sacrificed)

• popa - axe- stun the animal

• fluteplayer - playing flute to drown noises

• temple behind the

• altar

Aeneas, Romulus and Remus - Ovid Metamorphoses

→ “yet destiny wouldn’t allow Troy’s hopes to be overturned" → shows how Aeneas is Troys ‘hope’

→ carries a “burden as sacred, his venerable father Anchises” (trojan mortal)

Aeneas escapes from Troy (statue)

→ he is carrying his father Anchises + his son Ascanius

→ his father carries small god statues (penates)

→ overall shoes Aeneas as pious because he is dutiful + respectful to Gods + family

A she-wolf looks after Romulus and Remus - Capitoline wolf statue

→ made out of bronze

→Etruscan C5th BC

→ Renaissance babies feeding from her

Aeneid - by Virgil (genre: epic poetry)

→ suggest underworld “empty halls of Dis”

→there are unpleasant beasts there “Scyllas - half dogs… Chimaera (heads of lions, griffin, snake)… Harpies”

→ there is the river ‘Tartarus’ where souls are judged

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