2nd Quarterly Assessment Review - Biology

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts and terms from the 2nd Quarterly Biology Assessment Review.

What is the Central Dogma of biology?

It describes the chain of events in living things, from DNA to RNA to Proteins.

What occurs during transcription in protein synthesis?

A new mRNA strand is produced from a DNA template.

How is genetic information conserved during DNA replication?

Each newly formed DNA strand joins with an original DNA strand to form a new double helix.

What was the purpose of the Human Genome Project?

To map all human genes and compare human DNA sequences with those from other organisms.

What are the results of mitosis?

Mitosis results in 2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

What are the results of meiosis?

Meiosis results in 4 haploid daughter cells that are genetically different.

Where is energy stored in an ATP molecule?

Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of the phosphate molecules.

What is the complementary nitrogenous base pair to adenine in DNA and RNA?

In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine; in RNA, adenine pairs with uracil.

Which nitrogenous bases are purines?

Adenine and Guanine.

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil.

Do all mutations have adverse effects?

No, because there could be more than one codon that codes for the same amino acid.

What is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes called?

Crossing over, which occurs during prophase I of meiosis.

What is the definition of cancer in relation to mutations?

A mutation that stops the cell from responding to signals that control cell growth.

What does transcription describe?

The process of converting genetic information from DNA to RNA.

What is translation in the context of protein synthesis?

The process of RNA being translated into a specific protein that determines a phenotype.

What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.

What are the three stages of interphase?

G1 (cell growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (proteins made).

What is cytokinesis?

The division of cytoplasm following mitosis.

What does PMAT represent in cell division?

The stages of mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

When can a scientific statement be accepted as a theory?

When it relies on many supporting pieces of evidence.

What type of cells are mitochondria found in?

Both plant and animal cells.

What does mitochondria convert glucose into?

ATP during cellular respiration.

What two phases of meiosis can nondisjunction occur?

Anaphase I and Anaphase II.

What defines a prokaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic cells are unicellular and lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

What defines a eukaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cells can be unicellular or multicellular and have a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What are the differences between plant cells and animal cells?

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole; animal cells have centrioles and are varied in shape.

Which organelle stores genetic information?

The Nucleus.

What did scientists Miller and Urey conclude regarding early Earth conditions?

They concluded that life assembled from chemical building blocks.

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Oxygen and glucose.

How do aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ in ATP production?

Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP; anaerobic respiration produces 2 ATP.

What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?

They lower the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

What does the theory in science provide?

An explanation for different observations.

What is the best type of microscope to use for live specimens?

A light microscope.

What property of water allows it to carry nutrients in the blood?

Water dissolves many compounds.

Why does water have a high heat capacity?

It shows a small change in temperature despite environmental temperature fluctuations.

What are the elements found in both lipids and carbohydrates?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; they can be distinguished by their shapes.

What macromolecule catalyzes chemical reactions?

Proteins.

What should scientists do before designing an experiment?

Research to see what has already been done.

What is the difference between facts and inferences?

Facts are observable; inferences are conclusions formed based on evidence.

What should Isabella do to ensure a substance will always dissolve in water?

Test how it dissolves at different temperatures.

Why is an organization of scientists preferable for flu statements over an individual scientist?

An organization can evaluate each other's work to make sure it's valid.

Fill in the blanks: Photosynthesis ___ energy and cellular respiration ___ energy.

stores; releases.

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

Enzymes bind with specific substrates like a lock and key.