anatomy & physiology 2 - cardiovascular system (FINAL EXAM)

_____ carry blood away from the heart; they generally have many elastic and smooth muscle fibers in their walls

arteries

_____ receive blood from the arteries and carry blood to the capillaries

arterioles

______ are between arteries and veins where gas and nutrient exchange takes place through diffusion; they’re only composed of endothelial cells

capillaries

_____ receive blood from the capillaries

venules

_____ carry blood toward the heart; they generally have few elastic fibers in their walls

veins

_____ transport blood throughout the body; they include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

blood vessels

the ____ of the heart is where the vessels are (the top of the heart) and the _____ of the heart refers to the bottom of the heart

base; apex

the ______ (_____ sac) is a tough membraneous covering that encloses the heart

pericardium; pericardial

the pericardial _____ is a space between the parietal and visceral serous layers of the pericardium; it contains a small amount of serous fluid

cavity

pericardial _____ is secreted by the pericardial membranes in the pericardial cavity; it reduces friction between the pericardial membranes

fluid

the _____ pericardium is the tough, protective outer layer of the heart made of tons of collagen fibers

fibrous

the _____ pericardium is the outer serous membrane of the heart that covers the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

parietal

the ______ pericardium (epicardium) is the inner most later of the serous membrane that covers the surface of the heart; it’s made of blood vessels and fats and it’s what makes the heart “shiny”

visceral

the _____ is the thick, middle layer of the heart wall consisting largely of the cardiac muscle that pumps blood out of the heart chambers; it's thicker in the ventricles

myocardium

_______ are where cardiac muscle cells connect; there are also gap junctions here that allow the heart muscle to contract as one

intercalated discs

the _____ is the smooth inner layer of the heart wall consisting of epithelium; it also contains blood vessels and Purkinje fibers; it covers the valves leaving the heart as well to prevent clotting so blood can keep flowing

endocardium

the _____ circuit delivers oxygen to all the body cells and carries away waste

systemic

the _____ circuit eliminates carbon dioxide via the lungs and oxygenates the blood through diffusion

pulmonary

_____ attach to the cusps of the AV valves and the papillary muscles; the papillary muscles pull on these which prevents the cusps from prolapsing into the right atrium

chordae tendinae

the _____ muscles project inward from the ventricular wall and attach to the chordae tendineae; they contract when the right ventricle contracts, pulling on the chordae tendineae

papillary

the _____ (AV) valves ensures one-way blood flow between an atrium and ventricle

atrioventricular

the _____ valve is between the left atrium and the left ventricle; it has two leaflets making it also known as the bicuspid valve\`

mitral

the _____ valve is the heart valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it's composed of three cusps

tricuspid

the _____ (semilunar) valve leads from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary

the ____ valve allows blood to leave the left ventricle as it contracts and prevents blood from returning to the left ventricle of the heart

aortic

when pressure is greater behind the valves, the cusps blow _____, permitting blood flow through; when pressure is greater in front of the valve, this pressure drives the valves _____

open; shut

the _____ septum is a thick wall that separates the right and left ventricles; the _____ septum is a thin wall that separates the left and right atrium; ultimately, these make it so blood from the right side of the heart never mixes with blood from the left side

interventricular; interatrial

the left and right _____ of the heart serve to increase the blood volume capacity of the atria

auricles

_____ are groves on the surface of the heart marking divisions between chambers; they also have major blood vessels that supply the heart tissues

sulci

the first heart sound is the "_____" which occurs during ventricular systole and when the atrioventricular valves are closing

lubb

the second heart sound is the "_____" which occurs during ventricular diastole and when the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves are closing

dupp

pacemaker cells are located in 2 heart regions: the _____ (SA) node and the _____ (AV) node

sinoatrial; atrioventricular

ventricular _____ refers to the contraction of the ventricles whereas ventricular _____ refers to the relaxation of the ventricles

systole; diastole

atrial _____ refers to the contraction of the atria whereas atrial _____ refers to the relaxation of the atria

systole; diastole

heart actions are regulated in a coordinated fashion so that _____ contract while _____ relax; this is followed by the ventricles contracting while the atria relax

atria; ventricles

the ____ wave represents the atria contracting (atrial depolarization)

P

the _____ complex represents the ventricles contracting (ventricular depolarization)

QRS

the ____ wave represents the relaxation of the ventricles (ventricular repolarization)

T

pacemaker cells are located in 2 heart regions: the _____ (SA) node and the _____ (AV) node

sinoatrial; atrioventricular

the distribution system of the cardiovascular system broken up into areas called _____ beds: skin, digestive, and muscle; this is where exchange takes place and they allow the body to send blood where it needs it (opening/closing capillary beds)

vascular

the tunica _____ is the inner most layer of a blood vessel made of simple squamous epithelium cells (endothelium); it must be smooth to allow cells to flow through without being damaged

intima

the tunica ____ contains smooth muscle cells and a thick layer of elastic connective tissue which allows it withstand the force of BP; it restricts/dilates the vessel

media

the tunica _____ is the outermost, thin layer of blood vessels made of connective tissue with irregular elastic and collagen fibers

adventitia

______ is heart rate x stroke volume; the resting average equals about 4,900 mL/min (so 5 L per min); it's regulated and varies with activity

cardiac output

when stroke volume or HR increases, cardiac output increases, and BP ______; in contrast, if stroke volume or heart rate decreases, cardiac output decreases, and BP ______

increases; decreases

if peripheral resistance increases, BP ______; in contrast, if peripheral resistance decreases, BP ______

increases; decreases

as blood viscosity increases, BP ______, and as it decreases, BP ______

increases; decreases