ap psych unit 5 pt. 2 - intelligence and creativity

intelligence

the ability to **acquire** **knowledge**, **learn** from **experience**, and use reasoning to **adapt** in different **environments**

aptitude test

predicts **future** performance in an ability; assesses specific types of mental abilities and the **ability** to learn; for ex: ACT, SAT

achievement test

measure a person’s **mastery** and **knowledge** (info. already learned); for ex: AP psych test

standardization

uniform procedures used in administration and scoring of a test; for ex: all students aren’t allowed calculators on portions of the PSAT to ensure every student has an equal chance of scoring well

norms

provide **meaning** to scores and information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in **relation** to other scores; for ex: norming ap psych exam scores to the scale 1-5 grading scale

percentile

indicates the percent of people in the testing population who score **at** or **below** your score

reliability

**consistency** of scores

test-retest reliability

measuring the stability/correlation of a test overtime; **same** test to **same** person at a **different** time; **same** test to **different groups**

alternate form reliability

using **parallel** measurements comparing their correlation; **different** test (same context and difficulty) to the **same** person

split-half reliability

measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally (correlate) to what is being measured; looking within **1 test** given at **1 time**

inter-rater reliability

the degree to which (correlation) **different** raters give consistent measurements; high = agreement between raters; low = different opinions

validity

asks does the measurement tool assess what it’s designed for?

content validity

does the measurement tool full assess **all components** of the behavior/topic/theory being studied?

criterion-related validity

does a **specific component** of the measurement tool truly assess the behavior/topic/theory being studied? ; for ex: using rubrics, how coaches assess a skill during tryouts

construct validity

does the measurement tool accurately assess the **theory** being tested?

predictive validity

does the measurement tool accurately **predict future** outcomes?

galton

first to study mental ability; believed it was hereditary

binet

created the first test in France to study special education services for students; the test was designed to compare “mental age” with “chronological age”; “age graded test”

terman + stanford binet

terman brought the stanford-binet test to the U.S.; introduced IQ score

intelligence quotient (IQ) (terman)

IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100

WISC

weschler intelligence scale for children

WAIS

weschler adult intelligence scale

verbal performance scales

vocabulary, arithmetic reasoning, similarities, general information, and memory

performance scales

picture completion, digit substitution, and object assembly

normal distribution and IQ score

the bell curve; mean, median, and mode are all the same; IQ mean is 100; standard deviation is 15

skewed distribution

frequency data is not spread evenly; data that is positively skewed has a long tail that extends to the right; data that is negatively skewed have a long tail that extends to the left.

factor analysis

statistical technique used to identify clusters of related information

g-factor (spearman)

general intelligence, problem solving, and reasoning

s-factor (spearman)

specific information and skills needed for particular tasks

fluid intelligence (cattell)

reasoning and problem solving, memory, and info-processing speed

crystallized intelligence (cattell)

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; we used fluid for crystallized intelligence

7 primary mental abilities (thurstone)

there are 7 relatively **independent** primary mental abilities: numerical ability, reasoning, verbal fluency, spatial visualization, perceptual ability, memory, and verbal comprehension

how reliable is intelligence testing over a lifetime?

reliable after 7 years old

is intelligence testing valid?

yes

how do crystallized and fluid intelligence change over a lifetime?

crystallized intelligence increases and fluid decreases (in mid/late adulthood)

are IQ tests widely used in other cultures?

IQ tests are mainly used in western cultures and in individualist cultures

intellectual disability

IQ < 70; deficiencies in adaptive skills; cognitively impaired

metacognition

awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes; those with intellectual disabilities are deficient in metacognition

learning disabilities

measured intelligence ≠ academic performance; intelligence usually ***≥*** average intelligence

giftedness

IQ > 130

what do twin studies and adoption studies say about intelligence?

identical twins have the highest correlation; genetics play a large role

heritability ratio

proportion determined by heredity (nature)

how do environmental deprivation and enrichment affect intelligence?

nurture plays a role; especially at an early age

flynn effect

IQ scores have been **rising** steadily over time

reaction range

genetically determined **limits** on IQ (or other traits); for ex: heredity sets limits/ranges, while environment determines where in the range

stereotype threat

when worry about **conforming** to a **negative stereotype** leads to **underperformance** on a test/other task by a member of the stereotyped group

sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence: analytic intelligence

abstract reasoning, logic, and problem solving

sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence: practical intelligence

“street smart”; deal with **everyday problems**; the ability to adapt and strategize

sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence: creative intelligence

novel solutions and ideas

gardner’s multiple intelligences

linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, body-kinesthetic, nature, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

convergent thinking

when you attempt to narrow down a list of alternative to find a **single, correct answer** to a problem

divergent thinking

when you attempt to expand the **range of possible alternatives by generating many possible solutions**

creativity

generation of ideas that are original and useful

what are the necessary components of creativity?

expertise, persistence, risk willingness, divergent thinking, and intrinsic motivation