RPH Chap 1

Lesson 1: The Meaning of History Lesson 2: Sources of Historical Data Lesson 3: Historical Criticism

Historia

Means Learning by inquiry

History

Derived from the Greek word Historia

Aristotle

According to him, it is the systematic account of a natural phenomena with the consideration of the chronological arrangement

History

An account of phenomena that is in chronological order in the human affairs

Factual History

The plain and basic info of what, when, and who

Spectulative History

Concerned about why and how it happened

Historians

Individuals that seek to understand the present by examining what happened after

Historiography

It is the traditional method of doing research that focuses on gathering documents and archives to form a pool of evidence

History as actuality

It is the whole history of the past

History as record

The known part because of the surviving records

Verisimilitude

It is the truth, authenticity, and plausibility that the historians try to aim

Historical method

The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survival of the past

Historiography

The imaginative process of the past from the data derived by using the historical method

Historical Analysis

A historical method where historians select, collect, examine, and extract from the sources.

Historiography

The practice of historical writting

Historical Data

Sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past

Historical Sources

Materials where historians constructs their meaning to.

Sources

An object from the past or a testimony concerning the past on which historians depend to create their own depiction of that past.

Historical Work/Interpretation

the result of the depiction and the argument about the event

Relics/Remains

Objects that found in a settlements

Testimonies of Witnesses

Created to serve as a record or may be created for some other purposes

Dynamic/Genetic

The becoming

Static

The being

Interpretative

Explaining why and how things happened and were interrelated

Descriptive

Telling what, where, and when it happened and who took part

Narrative/Literature

Chronicles/tracts that **present in narrative form**, written to impart a message whose motives for their composition vary widely

Scientific Tract

Composed in order to **inform contemporaries** or succeeding generations

Newspaper Article

Intended to share opinions

Ego Document/Personal Narrative

A diary or memoir that might be composed in order to persuade readers of the justice of the author’s actions

Novel/Film

Made to entertain, to deliver a moral teachings, or to further a religious cause

Biography

Written in praise of someone or something

Panegyric Biography

A public speech or published text in praise of someone or something

Hagiography Biography

The writings of the lives of saints

Diplomatic Sources

Documents/records an **existing legal situation** or create a new one, and is the purest, “best” source

Charter

A classic diplomatic source

Legal Document

A usually sealed or authenticated to provide evidence that a legal transactions has been completed and can be used as evidence in a judicial proceeding in case of dispute

Social Documents

Information pertaining to **economic, social, political, or judicial significance** that are kept by bureaucracies

Material/Archaeological Evidences

Can tell the way of live of people in the past with their culture and it can also reveal the socio-cultural interconnections of the different group

Oral Evidence

These are told by the tales or sages if ancient peoples and the folk song or popular rituals from premodern period of Philippine History

Primary Sources

The original, first hand account of an event or period that are usually written or made during or close to the event or period

Secondary Sources

Materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place to **provide interpretations** of historic events

Historical Criticism

Examines the origin of earliest text to appreciate the underlying circumstances upon which the text came to be

First Goal of Historical Criticism

To discover the original Meaning of the text in its primitive or historical context and its literal sense or sensus literalis historicus

Second Goal of Historical Criticism

To establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipients of the text

17th Century

It is the root of historical criticism

Protestant Reformation

Happened in 17th century where historical criticism is rooted

19th-20th Century

It is when historical criticism gained popularity

Source Criticism

Analyzes and studies the *sources* used by **biblical authors**

Form Criticism

Seeks to determine a unit’s **original form** and **historical context** of the literary tradition

Redaction Criticism

Regards the *author* of the text as **editor or the source materials**

Tradition Criticism

Attempts to trace the development stages of the oral tradition from its historical emergence to its literary presentation

Canonical Criticism

Focuses its interpretation of the bible on the text of biblical **canon**

Provenance of Source

It is to determine the authenticity of the material where critics must determine the origin of the material, its author, and the source of information used and where external criticism are used

Weigh the Testimony to the Truth

The second part of historical criticism where critic must examine the trustworthiness of the testimonies as well as determine the probability of the statement to be true

Internal/Higher Criticism

Deals with more important matters than the external form

External Criticism

Determine the authenticity of the source

Palaeographical

A way to test the authenticity of the material by deciphering and dating of historical manuscripts

Diplomatic Criticism

A way to test the authenticity of the material by critical analysis of historical document to understand how the document came to be, the information transmitted, and the relationship between the facts purported in the document and reality

Internal Criticism

Determines the historicity of the facts **contained in the document** where the facts must be tested before any conclusion can be admitted

Isographies

The dictionary of biography giving examples of handwriting

Dom Jean Mabillon

A French Benedictine monk and scholar of the Congregation of Saint Maur that founded of the disciplines of paleography and diplomatics in 17th century

Seals

A subject of special study by sigillographers where experts can detect fake ones

Anachronistic Style

The idiom, orthography, or punctuation

Anachronistic Reference to Events

It may be too early, too late, or too remote

Provenance

Referred as custody by lawyers

Herodotus

Father of History

History

Existed about 2,400 years ago and has the same age as math and philosophy

Theodoro Agoncillio

One of the first 20th Filipino historian with a book named “History of the Filipino People” that was used in tertiary level with the old curriculum

Trinidad Padro de Travera

A Filipino historian, physician, and politician that has Spanish and Portuguese blood that served as the prime depute minister during the Spanish era in 1899

Fr. Horacio de la Costa, SJ

A priest that tried to find the rights of the Filipino by handling the administration of the church and by fighting for filipinization of Filipino priest during the Spanish era

Gregorio F. Zaide

A multi awarded historian that has wrote 67 books and 500+ articles and was very active as an officer and president of the Philippine Historical Association for three terms and has a book about Filipino people that was used in the old tertiary curriculum

History

Analyzing of facts and Synthesis of truths

Reliable

being able to trust the truth of the source

Authentic

real and is not fake

Memory

A way of accessing the past that is hard to verify and dies with the person

History

A way of accessing the past that is a shared memory or is written down

Relic

A way of accessing the past that is a tangible remnant and needs to be interpreted

Marcus Tullius Cicero

To be ignorant of the past is to remain always a child

George Santayana

Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it

Lord Acton

History is not a burden on the memory but an illumination of the soul

Winston Churchill

History is written by the victors

Marcus Garvey

A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin, and culture is like a tree without roots

Jacques Chirac

Qu'il n'est pas d'avenir sans memoire (There is no future without memory)