Introduction to Language of Research

These flashcards encompass key vocabulary related to research methods and philosophy as covered in the PAF 501 lecture, aiding in study and retention.

Scientific Methods

Systematic observations based on principles like empirically testable, replicable, objective, transparent, falsifiable, and logically consistent.

Hypothesis

A specific statement predicting what is expected to happen in a study, used for testing theories or explaining relationships between variables.

Causal Relationship

When a study is designed to determine whether one or more variables cause or affect one or more outcome variables.

Independent Variable

Variables that explain other variables, affecting dependent variables.

Dependent Variable

Variables that are explained by independent variables.

Inductive Logic

A reasoning process where researchers go from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories.

Deductive Logic

A reasoning process that starts from a general theory and narrows down to specific hypotheses that can be tested.

Construct

An abstract concept chosen to explain a phenomenon, which requires operational definitions for empirical measurements.

Variables

Measurable and observable characteristics that can take on different values.

Cross-sectional Study

A study that takes place at a single point in time.

Longitudinal Study

A study that takes place over time, involving multiple waves of measurement.

Unit of Analysis

The major entity analyzed in a study, such as individuals, groups, or organizations.

Qualitative Research

Research that explores phenomena, motivations, and beliefs through non-numerical data.

Quantitative Research

Research focused on quantifying data and statistically testing hypotheses.

Null Hypothesis (H0)

The hypothesis that describes the remaining possible outcomes, asserting no significant effect.

Alternative Hypothesis (HA)

The hypothesis that indicates the predicted effect or outcome that is supported by the researcher.

Paradigm

Mental models or frames of reference that organize reasoning and observations, encompassing approaches like positivism and post-positivism.