Physical Science - Chapter 3 

The Atom

3A: The Atomic Model

  • Subatomic Particles: particles that are smaller than atoms
  • Dalton suggested several properties of atoms:
    • Elements are made of atoms
    • Atoms are indivisible and cannot be destroyed
    • The atoms of an element are all alike
    • The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements, especially their masses
    • Atoms combine chemically in small, whole number ratios

The Discovery of the Electron

  • Law of Electrostatic Charges: the law that states that opposite electrical charges attract each other, while like charges repel each other
  • Plum Pudding Model: the atomic model suggested negatively charged material with embedded electrons
    • Thomson’s plum pudding model suggested negatively charged electrons embedded in a positive substance

The Nuclear Model

  • Alpha Particle: a helium nucleus that is emitted from a nucleus when a radioactive isotope experiences alpha decay

  • Nuclear Model: the atomic developed by Ernest Rutherford in which an atom is made up of a tiny, dense, positively charged central nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons

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  • Quantum Mechanics: the branch of physics that explores the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level

The Bohr Model

  • Bohr Model: the atomic model developed by Niels Bohr in which electrons travel in distinct spherical regions called energy levels at fixed distances from the nucleus
    • Energy Level: in the Bohr model of the atom; the regions located at fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom in which electrons are found

The Quantum-Mechanic Model

  • Quantum - Mechanic Model: the currently accepted atomic model in which electrons are found in orbitals that are positioned around a nucleus that contains protons and (usually) neutrons
    • the key factor that drove the development of the new atomic models is ^^workability^^

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3B: Atomic Structure

What is it like inside an atom?

  • Electrons: the smallest of the main subatomic particles
  • Proton: a subatomic particles located in the atom’s nucleus
  • Neutron: carries no electrical charge

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Properties of Atoms

Atomic Number: the unique number of protons in the atoms of each element

Neutral Atom: an atom with balanced electric charges

  • Neutron
    • Relative mass: 1u
    • Actual mass: 1.6749 x 10^-27 kg
    • Symbol: n
    • Charge: 0

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  • Proton
    • Relative mass: 1u
    • Actual mass: 1.6726 x 10^-27 kg
    • Symbol: p+
    • Charge: +1e

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  • Electron
    • Relative mass: 1/1836u
    • Actual mass: 9.1094 x 10^-31
    • Symbol: e-
    • Charge: -1e

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Mass Number

  • Isotopes: atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons
  • Mass Number: the total number of particles found in the nucleus of a particular isotope of an element
  • Isotope Notation: a symbol that distinguishes between different isotopes

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  • Ions
    • Ion: a charged atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost electrons, producing an unequal number of protons and electrons
    • Anion: a negatively charged ion
    • Cation: a positively charged ion

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  • Atomic Mass: the weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of that element

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