US History - Second Mid-Semester Test Terms

not significance!!

Vertical Integration

Buying up all the companies that complete the “steps” of your product to monopolize (ex. buying oil refinery, oil production)

Robber Barons

Opposite of Social Darwinism; Said that successful industrialists usually were unethical in their ways and owed back

The Gilded Age

Think “Gold”; an era shiny and industrial on the outside, but dark and dividing on the inside

Social Darwinism

Justified accumulation of wealth; said that wealthy people were born into a superior place (survival of the fittest)

Great Railroad Strike

In 1877, a labor protest in the US was caused by Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's wage cut. Over 100 people died, and federal troops were sent to end the strike.

Social Gospel

The idea that churches should address social issues, predicting that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity

Haymarket Affair

4 strikers were killed on may 3 and the next day a protest occurred at haymarket square, during the end of the speeches someone allegedly threw a bomb into the crowd, killing a policeman, the police then opened fire on the crowd

Dawes Act

A federal law intended to turn Native Americans into farmers and landowners by providing cooperating families with 160 acres of reservation land for farming or 320 acres for grazing.

Ghost Dance

The ghost dance was a religious revitalization uniting Native Americans → it said that there would be a day where dead American Indian ancestors would come to take back their land

Sherman Antitrust Act

This act was supposed to prohibit trusts and monopolies; was used to halt RR strike and strikers which threatened to restrain the nation's mail delivery → First attempt by the federal government to break up monopolies

Populists

People who believe in the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Atlanta Compromise

To encourage African Americans to temporarily accept the status quo in order to advance economically to the point that white communities would accept Black people as equal in business and eventually in all other things

Disenfranchisement

Taking the right to vote away from somebody

Plessy v Ferguson

The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars between races

New Immigrants

A person from southern or eastern Europe who entered the United States after 1900

Chinese Exclusion Act

A law that suspended Chinese immigration into America.

Progressivism

A faith in government power and the belief that we can use that power to regulate society so that more people can realize their full potential

Socialist Party

Their goal was to end the capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and nationalizing American industries

Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)

Radical labor union → Effort to unionize all workers, including those ignored by the American Federation of Labor

Collective bargaining

Negotiation between union representatives and management representatives to arrive at a contract defining conditions of employment for the term of the contract and to administer that contract

Society of American Indians

Reform organization that brought together Native Americans to promote discussion → Progressive effort to raise awareness about the challenges faced by American Indians.

Referendum

A vote on a single specific issue put to the public by the government of the day.

Recall

A special election called by voters to remove an elected official before their term is over

Settlement House

Space created to help members of the lower socioeconomic class assimilate to life in middle-class America

Pure Food and Drug Act

To protect the public against adulteration of food and from products identified as healthful without scientific support

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915.

Fourteen Points

A list of terms issued by President Wilson to end WW1 and prevent future wars

War Industries Board

United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibited the manufacturing, transportation and sale of alcohol within the United States

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Allowed a citizen to be fined or imprisoned for speaking out against the government or the war effort

NAACP

A civil rights organization founded in 1909 to fight prejudice, lynching, and Jim Crow segregation, and to work for the betterment of people of color.

(Two) Great Migrations

About 5 million African Americans migrated to the Northern more industrial cities to escape the cruelty of the south.

Tulsa Riot

The worst incident of Racial violence in the US and the least known event of Racial violence

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal NIA and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa.

Versailles Treaty

A peace treaty signed after World War I in 1919. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers, and imposed heavy penalties on Germany, including territorial losses, disarmament, and reparations.

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join

Flapper

an emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the day

Scopes Trial

Trial of teacher John Scopes for teaching about evolution

Harlem Renaissance

African American cultural movement. It was centered around Harlem, a suburb of New York City. AKA the NNM

Great Depression

The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the u.s. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

Stock Market Crash

The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Public work relief program for young men ages 18-25

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Budgeted several billions of dollars to construction of public work and providing employment. Improving public welfare.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Federally owned corporation in the United States created

Agricultural Adjustment Act

United States federal law of the New Deal era which reduced agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land and to kill off excess livestock.

Federal Housing Administration

Modernized the American mortgage system, improved the nation's housing stock quality, prevented millions of Americans from losing their homes, allowed millions more to purchase their first home, and financed the construction of millions of modestly priced rental units.

Share Our Wealth Movement

Wanted to use income tax to tax away large fortunes, Promised every family in the entire country: government use the money to guarantee every family $2,500/ yr, house, car, radio, college education, veterans pensions, and old age pensions

Works Progress Administration

Most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads.

Social Security Act

Provide for the general welfare by establishing system of federal old-age benefits

Scottsburo Case

The Scottsboro Boys were nine Black teenagers falsely accused of raping two white women aboard a train near Scottsboro, Alabama, in 1931.

Isolationism

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Lend-Lease Act

Passed on March 11, 1941, this act set up a system that would allow the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the United States.

GI Bill of Rights

Provided World War II veterans with funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing.

Zoot Suit Riots

The ____ were a series of violent clashes during which mobs of U.S. servicemen, off-duty police officers and civilians brawled

Korematsu v. United States

In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court held that the wartime internment of American citizens of Japanese descent was constittional.

Double V

In 1942 the Pittsburgh Courier, an African American newspaper, launched the ____

Manhattan Project

The code name for the American-led effort to develop a functional atomic weapon during World War II

United Nations

is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.

NNM

was a concept of the second half of the 19th century, after the Civil War, when African-Americans were hoping to represent themselves in new, progressive ways, either in the halls of politics or in culture.