Midterm - World Studies

Chapter 7

The Middle Ages

Charlemagne

* Charles the Great
* King of Franks, the Lombards, and emperor of the Romans
* Strove to unite and govern diverse conquered people
* conducted a long series of successful military campaigns
* made efforts to spread Christianity and implement religious reform
* sought to make more effective inherited political institutions and procedures
* supported cultural renewal through a revival of learning

Feudalism

* A decentralized political and economic structure.


* was a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords

Fief (fief-holding)

Estates

Knights

mounted warrior

Lords

Noble who held land

Serfs

peasants who were bound to the land

Chivalry

A code of conduct that was adopted by knights

Manor System

The lord of the manor exercised legal and economic power over the peasants who lived on the estate

Describe and understand feudalism and manorialism.

Manorialism was an economic structure.

Feudalism was a social structure.

Great Schism

The permanent split between eastern and western Christianity

Monastery

A building occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows.

Crusades

A series of wars in which Christians battled Muslims for control of land in the middle east

What are the causes and results of the Crusades? 

Causes: western European Christians (pope Urban 11) wanted to

* stop the expansion of Muslim states
* reclaim Christianity in the Holy Land in the Middle East
* recapture territories that had formerly been Christian. Religious idealism. 

Effects

* bitter legacy of religious hatred
* increased trade in Europe and development of towns

William the Conqueror

* became duke on Normandy at 7
* was knighted at 15
* Pressured King Edward of England to name him heir to the throne
* Invaded England and won the throne after the battle of Hastings in 1066

Magna Carta

The Great Charter was approved by King John of England in 1215; it limited royal power and established certain rights for English freemen

Scholasticism

used reason to support Christian beliefs

Flying Buttresses

Stone supports that stood outside the church

Black Death

an epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s

Hundred Years War

* lasted from 1337 - 1453
* was a series of wars
* Causes
* long standing rivalry between England and France over lands in France
* Edward III of England claims the French throne
* Edward III’s armies invade france
* Effects
* English monarchy is weakened; french monarchy is strengthened
* Knights displaced as main fighting force; replaced with soldiers for hire
* Weapons become more technologically advanced

Chapter 8

The Muslim Empires

Akbar

* 1542-1605
* extended the Mughal empire over most of europe
* maintained an efficient centralized government through policies that won the loyalty of non-muslim subjects

Suleiman the Magnificent

* Ruled from 1520-1566
* Extended the Ottoman rule eastward into the Middle East
* advanced deeper into Europe through a diplomacy and warfare
* brought bureaucracy and stability to the empire
* advanced the arts, law, and architecture

Janissaries

The elite force of the ottoman empire

Shah Abbas the Great

* was Shah of the Safavid dynasty from 1588-1629
* drove ottoman and Uzbek troops from persia
* sponsored the golden age of persian arts and achievements

Isfahan

Capital of safavid empire during the 1600s

5 Pillars of Islam

Chapter 9

East Asia (Isolationism in China and Japan)

Taj Mahal

The building of the magnificent tomb

Daimyo

A great warrior lord

Tokugawa Shogunate

* was centralized feudalism
* was a unified, orderly, controlling society
* controlled daimyos
* alternate attendance system

Zheng He

* was an admiral in the Ming Chinese navy and a diplomat
* Between 1405 and 1433, he made 7 expeditions, exploring and trading goods

Chapter 10

Renaissance, Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution

Renaissance

The transition between medieval and early modern times

Humanism

an intellectual movement at the heart of the renaissance that focused on education and the classics

Francesco Petrarch

* was an early renaissance humanist, poet, and scholar
* assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts gathered from monasteries and churches
* preserved these classic works for future generations

Perspective

artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three- dimensional effect

Sir Thomas More

* was a lawyer, scholar, writer, and member of British parliament during the reign of Henry VIII
* wrote *Utopia*
* described an ideal society

Johannes Gutenberg

* was a goldsmith, printer, and publisher
* around 1455, he printed the first compete edition of the Christian bible using his press

Martin Luther

A German monk and professor of theology.

Secularism

Having nothing to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters; nonreligious

Catholic Reformation

Reform movement that took hold within the Catholic church, because of corruption within the church.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Religious order found by Ignatius of Loyola, dedicated to combating heresy and spreading the Catholic Faith.

95 Thesis

Created by Martin Luther, Challenges the church

Witchcraft hysteria

In times of trouble people looked for the source and accused them of witchcraft.

John Calvin

Challenges the church, razor sharp mind, his ideas had a profound effect on the direction of the Protestant Revoulution.

Henry VIII

Second Tudor king of England, Constantly involved in wars and desire for a male heir was the catalyst for his break with the Roman Catholic Church and formation of the Church of England

Causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation

Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism

Catholicism

* the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.

Lutheranism

* branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Martin Luther and the 16th-century movements that issued from his reforms.

Calvinism

* the Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination.

Scientific revolution

profound changes that led to new understandings about the physical world

Nicolaus Copernicus

* polish scholar
* published *On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres* in 1543
* He proposed a heliocentric model of the universe
* heliocentric = Sun-centered

Tycho Brahe

* Danish Astronomer
* provided evidence to support Nicolaus Copernicus’s theory

Johannes Kepler

* German astronomer and mathematician
* used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun
* his data supported Copernicus’s heliocentric view but it also showed that each planet moves in an oval shape orbit
* oval shape orbit = ellipse

Galileo Galilei

* Used technology to assemble an astronomical telescope
* he observed that the 4 moons of Jupiter move slowly around that planet

Scientific method

a careful, step by step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis

Francis Bacon

* Englishman
* devoted himself to understanding how the truth was determined
* rejected Aristotle’s scientific assumptions
* argued that the truth is not known at the beginning of the inquiry but at the end, after a long process of investigation
* stressed experimentation and observation
* wanted science to make life better for people by leading to practical technologies

René Descartes

* Frenchman
* devoted himself to understanding how the truth was determined
* rejected Aristotle’s scientific assumptions
* argued that the truth is not known at the beginning of the inquiry but at the end, after a long process of investigation
* wrote *Discourse on Method*
* explains how he decided to discard all traditional authorities and search for provable knowledge
* concluded that doubt was the only thing he could not question
* Famous statement - “I think, therefore I am”

Andreas Vesalius

* published *On the Structure of the Human Body* in 1543
* was the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy

Robert Boyle

* English Chemist
* explained that all matter was composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways
* distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds

Issac Newton

* developed the basis for calculus
* using mathematics, he showed that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun
* Force = gravity
* published *Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy* in 1687
* explained the law of gravity
* argued nature follows uniform laws
* said all motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically

Chapter 11

Age of Exploration

Columbian Exchange

Columbus brought 1,200 settlers and a collection of European animals and plants to the Americas, sparking the exchange.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Dividing the non-European world into two zones. Between Spain and Portugal.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Buying enslaved Africans for labor and trading them overseas.

Mercantilism

Economic policy, aimed at strengthening their national economies.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Bold priest, condemned the evils of the encomienda system.

Conquistador

Spanish Conquerors, who soon arrived in the Americas continued Columbus ruthless pattern.

Prince Henry

Henry the Navigator, The seizing of the North African coast sparked the imagination of him.

Francisco Pizarro

an adventurer, and explorer that beat the Incas.

Christopher Columbus

Italian Navigator from the Port of Genoa, wanted to reach the East Indies

Chapter 12

Absolutism and Revolution

Absolutism

The political theory that one ruler should hold all power within the boundaries of a country~~,~~ free from any constitutional restraint or limitation

Divine Right

The idea that God created the monarch and that the monarch acted as God's representative on earth

Causes of Absolutism

1. Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty
2. Due to warfare, governments built large armies and placed high taxes on the peasant population
3. Poor economic conditions (taxes) and food shortages (little ice age) resulted in peasant revolts

Edict of Nantes

Granted Huguenots religious toleration and other freedoms.

Louis XIV

* Believed it was his divine right to rule
* Strengthened the state
* Appointed wealthy middle-class men to gov. jobs
* limited the influence of nobles
* expanded the bureaucracy
* Appointed Intendants
* Under him, the French Army became the strongest in Europe
* Versailles

Philip II of Spain

* Expanded Spanish influence
* Strengthened the catholic church through wars
* Made his own power absolute
* Escorial A Spanish monastery and palace built by Philip II)

Versailles

* A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris

Peter the Great

* Tsar of Russia
* Was one of Russia's greatest statesmen, organizers, and reformers
* The Grand Embassy
* Embarked on a policy of Westernization
* Became the most autocratic of Europe's absolute monarchs

The Grand Embassy

was a Russian diplomatic mission to Western Europe to learn about western technology in 1697-1698

The Glorious Revolution

The bloodless overthrow of king James II by his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch protestant husband William III of Orange.

English Bill of Rights

Ensured the superiority of Parliament over the Monarchy

Enlightenment

A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. Also known as the Age of Reason.

Age of Reason

Philosophers sought new ideas on government, economics, religion, education, and society. They also fought against religion, the hereditary aristocracy (nobility), and absolutism. They believed human reason could be used to fight ignorance, superstition, and tyranny

5 Core concepts of the Enlightenment

1. Reason


1. Believed truth could be discovered through logical thinking
2. Nature


1. what was natural was also good and reasonable
3. Happiness


1. Rejected medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on earth
4. Progress


1. Stressed that society and human kind could improve
5. Liberty


1. Called for liberties that the English people had won in the Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights

Natural Laws

unchanging principle, discovered through reason, that governs human conduct

Thomas Hobbes

* English thinker who wrote Leviathan in 1651.
* argued people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish
* To escape it, people entered into a social contract (people gave up their freedom for an organized lifestyle)
* He believed that only a powerful government, such as an absolute monarchy, could ensure an orderly society.

Baron de Montesquieu

* he published *The Spirit of the Laws* in 1748,
* discussed governments throughout history.
* He felt that the best way to protect liberty was to divide the various functions and powers of government into 3 branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.

Marie Arouet - Voltaire

* defended the principle of freedom of speech
* used biting wit as a weapon to expose the abuses of his day
* targeted officials and aristocrats, battled inequality, injustice, and superstition
* detested the slave trade, and deplored religious prejudice
* He was later imprisoned and forced into exile.

Denis Diderot

* produced a 28-volume set of books called the Encyclopedia.
* His purpose was "to change the general way of thinking".
* The Encyclopedia:
* denounced slavery
* praised freedom of expression
* urged education for all.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

* believed people in their natural state were basically good
* natural innocence was corrupted by the evils of society
* Wrote his ideas in a book titled *The Social Contract*
* wrote about how society placed too many limitations on people's behavior
* believed some controls were necessary but should be minimal
* Believed that the good of the community as a whole should be placed above individual interests.

John Locke

* was an English thinker
* thought people were basically reasonable and moral
* believed people had natural rights
* wrote the *Two Treatises of Government*
* he argued that people formed governments to protect their natural rights
* Rejected absolute monarchy.
* Believed people were born with a blank slate
* “tabula rasa”

Cesar Beccana

* believed laws exist to preserve social order not to avenge crimes and that an accused person should receive a speedy trial (no torture).
* criticized common abuses of justice such as torture and the death penalty.
* believed that the degree of punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime (not their social status).
* Abolish capital punishment

Laissez Faire

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering

Know the enlightened absolute monarchs and their ideas and actions  

Joseph ll - abolishing serfdom, ending press censorship, and limiting the power of the catholic church

Catherine the Great - separating church from state 

Frederick the Great - modernized Prussian bureaucracy and civil service, and pursued religious policies.

Louis XVI

King of Pre-Revolutionary France, failed to support his ministries, agreed in 1789 to summon Estates-General although he resisted demands for reform by the National assembly. Later branded a traitor and executed.

Estates-General

The legislative body consisting of representatives of the three estates

Cahiers

notebooks with lists of grievances

Tennis Court Oath

famous oath made by the third estate on a tennis court in pre-revolutionary France

Marie Antoinette

* was the daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria
* was known for being frivolous and extravagant
* told her husband, Louis XIV to resist reform demands by the National Assembly
* was branded a traitor and executed