PLTW MI: EOC Study Guide (All Lessons)

Epidemiology:

A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease

Case Control Study:

Epidemiological study where a group of individuals with the disease is compared to individuals without the disease. (Over short period of time)

Cohort Study:

Epidemiological study with a group exposed to risk factors and the control is not exposed. (Followed over long period of time to determine the incidence of disease)

DNA Ligase:

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication and recombatinant DNA techniques (the glue)

Herd Immunity:

Resistance due to large population is immune and there for, cannot spread

Inoculation:

Introducing a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to stimulate antibody production

Plasmid:

Ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from chromosome

Vaccination:

Presents the immune system with a harmless variant of a pathogen stimulating a long-term defense

Diseases that have been eliminated from the US:

Measles, polio, rubella, and mumps.

Epidemiologists investigate by:

Surveillance and descriptive studies.

Foreign Antigen:

a substance (toxin of enzyme) that stimulates antibody production

-Surface markers are used for identificating

Antibody:

proteins produced to neutralize antigens (an immune response)

-Binds to antigens and sends lymphocytes to kill

Bioinformatics:

The science of collecting and analyzing biological data

-Uses computers and math

-EX. genetic codes

BLAST:

Basic Local Alignment Search Too

-A data base used to match DNA sequences with the amino acid sequences or nucleotides

-Used to identify pathogens or diseases

Enzyme:

A substance produced by living organisms that act as a catalyst for chemical reactions

Medical Intervention:

The act of intervening with the intent to change the outcome

Out break:

an occurrence of more cases of a disease in a given area or time period that what was expected

-Also known as an epidemic

-Typically in a small, localized group

Pathogen:

a bacteria, virus, or microorganism that can cause disease (different from antigen)

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

Solute:

Substance being dissolved

Solvent:

Substance that is dissolving the solute

Enzyme Substrate:

The substance being affected by the enzyme

Types of Medical Intervention:

-Diagnostic: X-Ray

-Pharmacology: Antibiotics

-Surgery: Blood transfusion or transplant

-Rehabilitation: Crutches or prostetics

-Medical Devices: Inhalers or pace makers

-Immunology: Vaccines or soap

-Genetics: Testing for mutations

How do scientists gather evidence during the outbreak of an infectious disease?

-Record symptoms and find similarities between patients.

-Isolate pathogen in lab.

-Determine origin.

-Use DNA sequence to identify pathogens or to add to the database.

How do antibodies identify and inactivate antigens?

-Shape recognition

-The proteins of cells are configured to specific antibodies

-Antigens bind to the antibody to inactivate them

ELISA:

Enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay.

-Used to detect antibodies or antigens

-Vitro test

-The deeper the color, the more concentrated or serious the disease is

-The more serious of a disease makes it easier to identify

How can ELISA detect disease?

1. Primary antibodies attach to specific antigens.

2. Secondary antibodies attach to primary antibody.

3. Enzyme substrate is added to change colors and is then used to compare to color serial dilution.

Antibiotic:

A substance produced from a microorganism that inhibits growth or kills other microorganisms (in dilute solution)

Antibiotic Resistance:

Resistance to one or more antibiotics due to the addition of genetic information

Conjugation:

A form of sexual reproduction in which they transfer genetic information

-Mediated by the plasmid

Transduction:

Genetic material transferred from a virus that infects one bacteria to another

-A virus is called a bacteriophage

Transformation:

When the plasmid absorbs natked DNA

How do antibiotics work to fight bacterial infections?

They inhibit or kill other microorganisms that cause bacterial infections.

What methods do bacteria use to share antibiotic resistant gene?

Conjugation, transformation, or transduction.

What is contributing to super bugs?

People are not taking full doses or through animal antibiotics.

Antigens:

proteins in our body and causes immune response

Pathogen:

Disease causing organisms (a virus, bacteria, fungi, or prions)

Insulin:

Insulin is an indicator (hormone) that glucose is available for the cells. The cells will then open up and then convert it later.

Outer ear:

Pinna, earcanal, and ear drum.

Pinna (auricle):

Funnels sound

Ear canal (auditory canal):

Transmits sound to ear drum

-2 to 3 cm

Ear drum (tympanic membrane):

Transfers sound waves to vibrations

-Separates outer ear from middle

Middle Ear:

Ossicles, oval window, and eustachian tube

Ossicles:

bones vibrate and send pressure waves through the cochlea

-mechanically convert the vibrations of the eardrum

-Malleus, incus, and stapes

Insulin was mainly extracted from:

cow and pigs

Oval Window:

Membrane covered opening that leads from the middle ear to the vestibule

Eustachian Tube:

A canal that connects middle ear to the nasopharnyx (equals out pressure in the ear)

Inner Ear:

Cochlea, vestibule, and auditory nerve

Cochlea:

Contains sensory hairs that pick up on vibrations and send signals up the auditory nerve (cochlear nerve)

Vestibule (Semi Circular Canal):

Helps with balance

GPF must have __________ to glow:

Ampicillin resistant and arabinose

Amplitude:

height of sound wave in decibels (how loud the sound is)

Which amino acid is able to form disulfide bridges?

Cysteine

Frequency:

Speed of sound wave in htz (pitch of sound)

Conductive Hearing Loss:

Caused by a blockage or problem with structures in outer or middle ear

-Can be reversed or treated with antibiotics or surgery

Sensorineural Hearing Loss:

Caused by genetic or environmental damage to the inner ear

-Can be treated with hearing aids or cochlear implants or not treatable

How is hearing loss diagnosed?

Rinne test and audiogram

What is the purpose of SDS in protein electrophoresis?

To unfold and give each protein a negative charge

Rinne test:

Using a tuning fork to compare sound through vibrations to sound waves through the outer ear (on mastoid bone)

Audiogram:

Using different frequencies to test the decibels the patient can hear

What interventions are available for hearing loss?

Hearing aids, cochlear implants, antibiotics to treat infections, or tubes in ear drum

Bacterial meningitis can cause:

Hearing loss

What are the concerns related to the use of cochlear implants?

Deafness is an impairment vs. a unique trait to a person.

Types of vaccines:

-Similar pathogen

-Attenuated

-Killed

-Toxoid

-Subunit

-Naked DNA

Protein Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE):

-Protein

-Obtain protein and isolate from the bacteria.

-Isolates the intended protein through chromatography.

-Protein has varying charges (positive, negative, and neutral).

-The protein is balled up and has to be straightened out.

-The SDS solution makes all of the proteins have an overall negative charge.

-Sorted based on molecular weight.

-Purity is dependent on the distance migrated (a single band is required! No more than one!)

-It will travel further as it weighs less.

Gel Electrophoresis

-DNA

-PCR amplifies the DNA to allow for testing.

-A gene of interest that is being compared for RFLP patterns (cut DNA).

-Sorts based on length of RFLPs.

-Smaller lengths are at bottom because the protein pieces within the agar that the RFLPs have to move around.

-Electricity is used due to the charge of DNA.

DNA has a _______ charge

negative

Similar Pathogen:

A live vaccine that uses similar viruses to train the immune system to recognizes the intended virus

-EX. small pox

Attenuated:

a live virus that is weakened. It has the capability to invade cells and replicate without fully developing the disease

-EX. measles

Killed:

Generates an immune response without being able to invade the cells

-Needs boosters

-EX. polio

Toxoid:

A part of the virus that is not living or dead

-Makes the immune system able to fight the toxin produced without invading the virus

-EX. tetanus

Subunit:

Uses the section of the antigen that causes disease and is placed in a new bacterial cell

-Uses portions of the DNA that produces the protein's coat

-EX. hepatitis B

Naked DNA:

Uses a gene from the pathogen to create an immune response

-Gene is DNA from outside the cell

-EX. HIV

Recombinant DNA:

Cutting DNA from different organisms to change DNA sequence to form new or inactive proteins

-Uses the plasmid ring as a vector

-Will need antibiotic resistant genes to allow detection and kill any other unwanted cells

Recombinant DNA can be formed by:

-Calcium chloride uptakes the DNA in the plasmid (if the cell has a cell wall)

-Electroportation, the use of electrical currents on the cells (if the cell does not have a cell wall)

Cells without a cell wall:

Protoplasts

Plasmids are inserted into bacteria calls by:

-Conjugation

-Transduction

-Transformation

Amniocentesis:

determines any genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or cell abnormalities in amniotic fluid

-Obtained through the abdomen and into the uterus

-.5 to 1% rate of miscarriage and is taken on the 15th week

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS):

diagnosises genetic and cognitional defects by testing the placenta

-Obtained vaginally in the 10 to 13 week

-2 to 3% rate of miscarriage

Carrier Screening:

Examines members of a population to identify heterozygotes for a disorder

Gene:

A unit of hereditary information consisting of specific nucleotide sequences of DNA

Which layer of a bacterial cell protects the bacterial cell from human immune response?

Capsule

Which bacterial cell structure is involved with protein synthesis?

Ribosomes

Penicillin=

B Lactam

Which antibiotic blocks protein synthesis?

Tetracyclines

A mother passes immunity to her infant through breast feed:

Passive Immunity

Tinnitus:

ringing in the ears

Meningitis can cause:

Hearing loss

Helicase:

breaks down the double helix

Proto-oncogenes can become oncogenes because of a point mutation or:

frame shift mutation

Cell cycle order:

I,P,M,A,T,C

p53 does not:

make mRNA.

Genetic Counseling:

A process of communication that deals with the risk of a genetic disorder within a family

Genome:

All of an organisms genetic material

-The haploid set of chromosomes in an organism

Genotype:

The genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype:

Physical traits of an organism

Karyotype:

The display of the chromosome pairs of a cell by size and shape

Newborn Screening:

Analysis of a neonate's blood for metabolic or genetic disorders to prevent mental retardation, disability, or death

Ultrasound:

2D imaging used to examine and measure internal body structures