Human Body Test Biology

anatomy

structure

physiology

function

muscle

contracts forcefully when excited, providing movement (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle) 

nervous

responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities and are made up of neurons and glial cells (found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves)

connective

binds the cells and organs of the body together (bone, tendon, and fat and other soft padding tissue) 

epithelial

groups of cells that cover the exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and form certain glands (skin surface, lining of the GI tract organs and other hollow organs) 

homeostasis

The way that living organisms maintain (relatively) constant internal physical and chemical conditions, happens despite changes in internal and external environments, uses many self-regulating processes that work together to maintain the conditions for survival

negative feedback

a **stimulus** produces a **response** which opposes the stimulus and brings the body back to the **set point**.

feedback loops

created when reactions affect themselves and can be positive or negative

positive feedback

a reaction that causes an increase of a function, encourages it (childbirth, blood clotting,

set point

the desired state

stimulus

fluctuations in a variable

sensor

detects stimulus and triggers an appropriate change

response

the activity that helps return a variable to its set point

liver

(in blood-glucose regulation) can add or remove glucose from the blood to regulate blood sugar levels

pancreas

(in blood-glucose regulation) produces the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood-glucose levels

insulin

a hormone the decreases blood sugar levels (produced by pancreas)

glucagon

a hormone that increases blood sugar levels (produced by pancreas)

diabetes

A disorder where the body cannot regulate its blood glucose levels without help

lysosomes

help maintain homeostasis by breaking things down; Break down food molecules (all types of macromolecules) that can be used as raw materials in the cell; Breaks down organelles that are no longer useful; recycles waste

digestive system

converts food into smaller molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.

ingestion

taking food into the body, first step of the digestive system

digestion

breaking food down; chemical digestion (breaks apart chemicals with enzymes); mechanical digestion (breaks down food physically. Ex. chewing)

absorption of nutrients

taking up nutrients from food via the small intestine (third step of the digestive system)

elimination of solid waste

undigested food waste passing out of the body (last step of digestive system)

mouth

(digestive system); mechanical digestion: chewing; chemical digestion: mixing the food with saliva 

salivary amylase

enzyme, saliva contains it, it breaks down carbs into simple sugars

pharynx

(digestive system) back of the throat that chewed food moves to

epiglottis

(digestive system) closes to keep food out of the airways (trachea and larynx) to prevent choking

esophagus

(digestive system) chewed food moves down this tube

stomach

(digestive system); mechanical digestion: does a churning motion to help break down food; chemical digestion: mixes food with hydrochloric acid (HCl)

pepsin

an enzyme that breaks down proteins

small intestine

(digestive system); takes food from stomach,completes chemical digestion, main site for nutrient absorption, water and undigested food are left behind to travel to the large intestine

large intestine

(digestive system); stores undigested food (waste), reabsorbs water from food, absorbs vitamins from bacteria

rectum

waste from the large intestine travels here to be released

liver

(digestive system) makes bile - stored in gallbladder, released into small intestine to break down fats

pancreas

(digestive system) produces enzymes that break down all four macromolecules, makes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize hydrochloric acid, released into small intestine

intestinal villi

finger-like projections on the inside wall of the small intestine, villi help increase surface area for nutrient absorption

circulatory system

Transports nutrients to cells, removes waste from cells, gas exchange (O2 to cells, CO2 away from cells), helps fight infection (white blood cells especially), regulates body temperature

red blood cells

(circulatory system) carries oxygen to the cells via the iron on hemoglobin protein, the most common type of blood cell by far

white blood cells

(circulatory system) cells that fight disease by engulfing pathogens (phagocytosis!) or making antibodies

arteries

(circulatory system) blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart 

veins

(circulatory system) blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood TOWARDS the heart

capillaries

(circulatory system) the smallest blood vessels (more surface area!), reach all body cells to bring nutrients, remove waste, responsible for gas exchange (O2 and CO2)

heart

(circulatory system) a muscular pump that helps move/pump blood around the body (circulation)

pulmonary circulation

(circulatory system) the path between the heart and lungs

systemic circulation

(circulatory system) the path between the heart and capillaries that reach all body tissues

deoxygenated blood

(circulatory system) blood without oxygen; PATH: right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs

oxygenated blood

(circulatory system) blood with oxygen; PATH: left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, rest of body

right atrium

(circulatory system) receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle

right ventricle

(circulatory system) pumps oxygen poor blood from the right atrium to the lungs

left atrium

(circulatory system) receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps in to the left ventricle

left ventricle

(circulatory system) takes the oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it throughout the body

respiratory system

Allows air to come in and out of the body (breathing), gas exchange between the air you breathe and the blood circulating in your lungs (inhaling oxygen; exhaling carbon dioxide)

alveoli

(respiratory system) tiny inflatable air sacs that exist at the end of the bronchial tubes in the lungs, gas exchange happens here

lungs

(respiratory system) large organs with a network of air tubes inside of them. They inflate as air comes in and deflate as air leaves.

diaphragm

(respiratory system) muscle beneath the lungs that contracts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation - helps you inhale and exhale

nervous system

A communication system that allows an organism to respond to stimuli; collects information about the body’s internal and external environment, process that information, and responds to it.

brain

(nervous system) a structure that allows your body to process information and respond accordingly

spinal cord

(nervous system) Connects to the brain and brings information to/from the brain

neurons

(nervous system) Cells of nervous system that transmit signals to various organs in the body

sensory neurons

(nervous system) neurons that collect information about the body’s environment and carry impulses from sensory organs to brain

interneurons

(nervous system, neuron) central nervous system (brain and spinal cord); processes info from sensory neurons, formulates a response, sends impulses to motor neurons

motor neurons

(nervous system, neuron) carries out response, brings impulse from CNS to muscles and glands

synapse

(nervous system) the point at which a neuron transfers an impulse to another cell

neurotransmitters

(nervous system) chemicals that transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

central nervous system

(nervous system, type of system) function: to process info and form a response; includes brain and spinal cord; made of interneurons

peripheral nervous system

(nervous system, type of system) includes all other nerves that branch off from spinal cord; includes sensory and motor neurons; sensory neurons send impulses from sensory receptors to CNS; motor neurons carry out response from CNS

excretory system

The system of organs (skin, lungs, liver, kidneys) that maintains homeostasis by removing metabolic waste and toxins from the body.

skin

(excretory system) The skin excretes excess water, salts and a small amount of urea in sweat.

kidney

(excretory system) remove both useful substances and waste products from the blood through (filtration); remove excess water, urea and metabolic wastes from the blood; regulate salt content of blood; can use reabsorption to remove salt from the blood when salt content is too high

dialysis

(excretory system) a substitute for kidney function; people whose kidneys do not function normally may undergo this

urea

colorless, odorless nitrogen-containing compound which is the primary component of urine.

liver

(excretory system) converts potentially dangerous nitrogenous wastes, a product of protein break down, into less toxic urea, which leaves the body via urination

filtration

(excretory system) process in which the kidneys remove both useful substances and waste products from the blood

lungs

(excretory system) when you exhale, your _______ excrete carbon dioxide and a small amount of water vapor.

thermoregulation

the process of regulating the temperature of the body through heating and cooling mechanisms such as sweating and shivering 

platelets

pieces of very large cells in the bone marrow that help form blood clots or slow/stop bleeding to help wounds heal

virus

(structure of ____): A single molecule of nucleic acid is surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid. Surrounding the capsid is a protein envelope covered in protein spikes. 

antibodies

proteins that attack antigens by tagging them for destruction.