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Charles Darwin and Social Darwinism
Charles Darwin
On the Origins of Species , 1859- natural selection, survival of the fittest. Plants and animals forms developed from earlier life forms
Descent of Man, 1871
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better
used to justify imperialism, racism, and militarism
Albert Einsten
proposed theory of relativity
time and space are relative to the observer
e= mc2
each particle of matter is equal to the mass times the square of the velocity of light - lead to atomic bomb
Other scientists
Nietzche - believed that conflict and struggle lead to societal progress. Christianity stood in the way of progress, held society back
Louis Pasteur - germ theory and pasteurization
Robert Koch - identified bacteria that cause tuberculosis
Joseph Lister - sterile surgery and medical procedures
Sigmund Freud - developed psychoanalysis
Auguste Comte - originator of positivism (claims careful study of facts and personal experience is the only way to find the truth and a better future)
Fabian Society
well known group of British intellectuals
Founded by Sidney and Beatrice Webb
Wanted socialist policies brought by the legislative process (liberal socialism)
Labor Unions
workers unions will win the right to strike in 1870s
Strikes for working conditions, hours, safey, health conditions
Labour Party
focus was to bring democratic socialism without revolution
Political Agenda
set minimum wage
workmens compensation act
national insurance act
old age pension to all over 70
aid to dependent children and the elderly
Emmeline Pankhurst and Feminism
feminists will use public and violent means to bring attention to bring attention to women’s suffrage
smashing windows
arson
chaining themselves to gates of Parliament
hunger strikes (were forces feed in mental hospitals)
Representation of People Act 1918
Ending of WWI
Women over 30 got the right to vote
All men gained suffrage (property qualifications were eliminated)
Reform Act of 1928
women over 21 gained the right to vote
Imperalism
a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force
Brought on by
industrialization - need for natural resources, new markets for manufactured goods
nationalism
racism - social Darwinism and “White Man’s Burden”
“White Man’s Burden”
Poem by Rudyard Kipling
Painted imperialism and conquering of indigenous peoples as heroic and sanitarium because it brought those people
Christianity
true civilization
proper living
education
freed from a “wild” state of living
Daily and Gender roles in the 19th Century
new sources of power (electricity, oil, internal combustion engine)
telephone
automobiles
department stores, catalogs, theaters, cafes
governments promoted compulsory public education
women were living longer and gained right to vote in 1918
Characteristics of the Third Republic
Governmental system established after the fall of Napoleon III in the Franco Prussian War
Dreyfus Affair
Military documents were found in a wastebasket that showed there was a traitor in the French military. Captain Alfred Dreyfus was suspected. He was tried, convicted of treason, and sent to an island.
Dreyfus was innocent. French Army officers wanted to blame the Jew and pinned crime on him.
Real culprit was Major Esterhazy. When French lieutenant George Picquart came with evidence he was demoted and transferred to North America.
Author Emile Zola investigate Affair and wrote about it. Government prosecuted him for libel
Zionism/ Zionist Movement
Theodor Herzel argued for the return to homeland for Jews.
many Jews started returning to Palestine
Peoples Bill (People’s Budget By David Lloyd George)
Argued it would Eliminate property. War budget. Raising money to wage implacable ware fare against poverty
Impressionist and Post Impressionist Art
Impression
attempt to catch a momentary glimpse of nature. common everyday life
Claude Monet. Gare St. Lazare, 1877
Post- Impressionism
influences by psychology, abstract, interpretation of reality
Vincent van Gogh, The Starry night, 1889
Fashoda Crisis
French colonial troops backed down in this 1898 diplomatic crisis caused by British - French competition over African territory
French backed down (gained political favors) allowing the British to take over
solidified alliances against the German in case of was (WWI)
Berlin Conference
Major European powers meet in Berlin to discuss how Africa will be colonized by the European powers without war
set off the “scramble for Africa”
Belgian Congo
People of Congo were forced to labor ivory and rubber. Half of Congolese population died from punishment and malnutrition. Many suffered from disease and torture
Boer War
Conflict in 1888-1902 in which British troops drafted rebellious Afrikaners leading to the consolidation of South African Territories
British bruned crops and villages, Forced Afrikaners into concentration camps
war ended with British victory
Hyper Nationalism
extreme nationalism, the belief in the superiority of one’s nations and of the paramount importance of advancing it
The Panama Canal Scandal 1892
President of the French Company - Ferdinand de Lesseps
Government officials took bribes from the company to withhold news from the public that it was in serious economic debt and project was failing.
One billion francs affecting 800,00 investors
two German Jews were also involved and they received the most press coverage
Realism
embraced exposing the true nature of the world
focus on common people, everyday life and its harshness
Writers: Leo Tolstoy and Charles Dickens
Honore Daumier, The Third Class Carriage, 1863
Isms of the 19th century
conservatism - Metternich
liberalism - Jeremy Bentham, John Staurt Mill, Anti Corn Law League
Radicalism: the beliefs or actions of people who advocate thorough or complete political or social reform (The Charitsts, Karl Marx)
Nationalism: belief that a nation was a organic body, a sort of body of individuals with a common culture, language and mindset
Romanticism
visual, literary, and musical movement of the first half of the of the 19th century
embraced nationalism, dangers of science, reason , revolution
emotion over reason
passion, emotion, reaching ones unique individual human potential
Fransico de Goya, Tred de Mayo, 1810
JMW Turner, Slave Ship and Rain Steam and Speed
Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830
Ludwig Van Beethoven
Mary Shelley - Frankenstein
Sir Walter Scott
The Brothers Grimm - Nationalism
Revolutions of 1830
French Revolution of 1830
rebellion by liberals and revolutionaries against the French monarchy. The country had grown displeased with Charles X, who limited freedom of the press and concentrated power in the crown. Within three days in July, the capital fell to the revolutionaries, who wanted to establish a republic. However, the upper bourgeoisie succeeded in placing Louis-Philippe in the monarchy, and despite some reforms, the public continued to grow discontented with the monarchy.
Belgian Revolution of 1830
Cultural differences and nationalism
Leopold I became King
Revolutions left much unfinished, working class was unsatisfied and lead to the 1848 Revolutions
Quadruple Alliance
Britian, Austria, Russia, Prussia
committed to preserving conservative monarchies through out Europe
Lead by Metternich and Austria
Carlsbad Decrees
issued in German states
student associations were made illegal
books and newspapers censored
university professors were watched closely by “curators” to ensure liberal ideas were not being taught
secret police units formed
1820 Revolts in Italy
Revolts against the rulers of Piedmont Sardinia and the king of Naples. Metternich and Austria with help of BARP COE sent trips into Italy and brutally out down the revolts
1822 Revolts in Spain
Revolts against the bourbon king Ferdinand VI
people wanted representative government and king censored books
With permission of BARP COE france sent tropa into Spain to end the revolts
France joined the quadruple alliance
Decembrist Revolt in Russia
Decembrist wanted a constitutional monarchy and new Tsar Nicholas ruthlessly suppresses the Decembrists
Revolutions of 1848
All revolutions based in nationalism and liberalism. Every revolution in 1848 will fail and result in conservative backlash. Metternich will fall from power in Austria BARP COE slowly die.
revolutions allow for the rise of Italy and Germany, as a nation states. unification
Industrialization, population growth, isms will be the tensions of the revolutions of 1848.
Napoleon III
will modernize Paris (Haussmann managed project)
main goal was to bring back France’s international glory that was experienced under Napoleon I
Crimean War
Russia vs Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, France, Austria, Piedmont- Sardinia
Russia stated purpose: protect Orthodox Christians in Ottoman Empire
Strategic Purpose: Gain a warm water route through the Black Sea, Take Constantinople
Outcome of Crimean War
Treaty of Paris 1856
Russia lost and was not allowed to deploy ships on the Black Seas
Russia was weakened
Ottoman Empire was recognized as legitimate power
Was funeral of the Concert of Europe
Florence Nightingale
Crimean war was first to establish women as army nurses
writes a nursing manual in 1859
established organization standards for army hospitals and hygiene for soldiers
Tsar Alexander II
absolutist/despotic ruler
Emancipation Edict 1861 - Serfs freed, did not own land
Zemstvos - created local governments through elected assemblies of representatives
Nihlilism was an intellectural movement. Formed a secrect society “ The People’s Will” desired to overthrow the government. Will Assassinate the Tsar by throwing a bomb at his carriage in 1881
The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy of Austria- Hungary
Austria and Hungary became independent, but had common Habsburg ruler (satisfied Hasburg Magyars)
separate legislative bodies, laws, taxes
common military and foreign policy
Realpolitik
The abandoned idealism in favor of pragmatic and tough-minded use of shrewd and secretive diplomacy and military force. (politics based on practical objectives rather than on ideals)
Napoleon III , Bismarc, Cavour
Italian Nationalist Leaders
Giuseppi Mazzini: Liberal/radical, wrote about unification and nationalism. Wanted to see Italy united under a democratic republic with universial male suffrage
Giuseppi Garibaldi: Military Leader, exiled to South America after earlier attempts to unite. Desires to see Italy under a republic
Pope Pius IX
Controlled Rome and Papal States
Had support of Napoleon III and Austria
Wrote about the evils of liberalism, republics, democracy, and materialism
Count Camillio Cavour
Prime Minister of Piedmon Sardinia
brains behind Italian Unification
Will engage in a long and calculated plan that involved secret negotiations and alliances with potential enemies to achieve his goals of Italian Unification under Victor Emmanuel II
Steps to Italian Unification
Carbonari Insurrections 1820-1821: Secret Liberal Society. Put ideas of Italian unity on the minds of the Italians
Piedmont- Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea
Cavour and Napoleon III secretly meet at Plombieres, 1858: Cavour seeks repayment of favor of supporting France in Crimean War, he offeres Savoy and Nice as payment for Frances support
Austro - Sardinian War: Napoleon double crosses Cavour and strikes a treaty with Austria that prevents Cavor from Taking Venetia
Austro-Prussian War
Garibaldi and His Red Shirts Unite With Cavour - Garibaldi easily takes Sicily and Southern Italy
France Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Right Leg in the Boot at Last
Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on Italian boot
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
Prime minister/ chancellor of Prussian parliament
junker
conservative
realpolitik
Mastermind behind German Unification under Prussian dominance
Steps to German Unification
The Danish “Schleswig War” - Bismarck will send Prussia to war with Denmark to take Schleswig
Austro - Prussian War 1866 - Prussia will take Austria out of Holstein and annex Schleswig and Holstein
Creation of the North German Confederation, 1867 - Bismarck could not convince southern german states to join
The Ems Dispatch Bismarck Gets His War - Bismarck published a “doctored” telegram from Wilhelm to French ambassador.. Made it seem Kaiser insulted the ambassador. Bismarck released it to the press. Napoleon declared was on Prussia in 1870
Franco- Prussian War - Bismarck used German nationalism against France to get Southen German states to join NGC in the war
Treaty of Frankfurt
End of Franco - Prussian War
France paid a huge war debt and was occupied by German troops until it was paid
France ceded Alsace- Lorraine to Germany
Bismarck’s Kulturkampf (Anti-Catholic Program)
Bismarck saw Catholicism as a threat to nation unity
took education out of hands of clergy
Jesuits were expelled from Germany
education of Catholic priests would be under supervision of the German gov
Social Programs Under Bismarck
1889 Old Age Workers Pension
1884 Workers Accident Insurance
1883 Compensation for Ill workers
Anti- Socialist Laws - banned socialist parties/publications/newspapers
The Dual Alliance 1879
Between Germany and Austria (Bismarck created it)
he feared Russia’s size and population
both countries would aid the other in case of war with Russia
The Triple Alliance 1882
Italy joined Germany and Austria in an alliance
Italy angered over French activity in North America where Italy was trying to develop an imperialist presence
“Dropping the Pilot” 1890
Kaiser Wilhelmm II fires Bismarck
Pablo Picasso Demoiselles d’ Avignon
African art was stolen and brought to Europe. It inspired Pablo Picasso
Painting shows women of a brothel
two women wear African inspired masks
(imperialism effected paintings by showing exploitation of African people)
Paul Gauguin, Barbarian Tales, 1903
Post Impressionism
Gauguin left France for Tahiti
Shows two Tahitian women - half nude, concerned, trusting
European, fully dressed, claws on toes, painted with extreme ugliness
Intended to be viewed by Europeans
Concert of Europe
A system of international relations established in 1815 to maintain the balance of power in Europe and prevent future wars. It involved regular meetings among the major European powers and was successful in preventing major conflicts until the outbreak of World War I.
Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, and, later, France—after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
Zulu Resistance
Shaka Zulu will conquer and unite many people of southern Africa (taught them to fight)
will fight fircely with the British and Boers
will eventually be conquered in 1879
Cecil Rhodes
Prime Minister of Cape Colony
Controlled the Diamond Industry
Desired creating a Cape-to-Cairo connection for Britain in Africa