Pre-colonial Philippines History

Flashcards covering the pre-colonial history of the Philippines, including early human migration, the emergence of societies, cultural influences, and trade networks.

The Philippine Islands consist of __ islands.

7,107

The Philippines is believed to have been inhabited as early as __ years ago during the Pleistocene Epoch.

sixty-seven thousand

The earliest known human settlement in The Philippines dates back to around thirty thousand years ago with the arrival of the __.

Negritos

The Negritos are believed to be descendants of early human populations who migrated from Africa to Southeast Asia via __.

land bridges

The Austronesians are believed to have migrated from __ to The Philippines around four thousand to six thousand years ago.

Taiwan

Austronesian settlers brought advanced knowledge of agriculture, pottery, metalworking, and their own __ and culture.

language

The theory of Polynesian settlement in The Philippines is supported by the discovery of __ shards in the Northern Philippines.

pottery

The shift from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a sedentary lifestyle in the Philippines marked the beginning of __.

agriculture

Early Austronesians in the Philippines developed techniques to grow crops such as rice, sugarcane, and __.

coconut

The development of agriculture led to the emergence of societies and early cultures, and the establishment of __.

trade networks

Pre-colonial Philippine trade networks connected the archipelago to destinations such as China, Southeast Asia, and __.

India

In early Philippine societies, village communities called __ were led by a Datu.

Parangays (or barangays)

The __ was responsible for the welfare of his parangay, settling disputes, and leading communities in times of war.

Datu

Chinese culture influenced the northern Philippines by introducing Confucianism, Taoism, and practices like __.

ancestor worship

Indian traders introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the southern Philippines, while the Malays brought __.

Islam

The Kingdom of __, emerging in the tenth century, was one of the earliest powerful kingdoms in the Philippines.

Tunda

The rise of complex societies led to specialized industries like weaving, metalworking, and __.

shipbuilding

During the rise of complex societies, social classes became more pronounced, and __ became prevalent with prisoners of war and debtors being enslaved.

slavery

Islam is believed to have arrived in the Philippines around the __ century through trade networks.

thirteenth

Islam first spread in the Philippines in __ and the Sulu Archipelago.

Mindanao

The Sultanate of Sulu was established in the century, while the Sultanate of Magindanao was established in the century.

fifteenth, sixteenth

Sultanates in the Philippines were characterized by centralized political systems, the use of Islamic law, and a strong emphasis on __.

trade

The predominantly Muslim __ people were known for their elaborate and intricate brassware featuring Islamic designs.

Maranao

The __ linked the Philippines with China and other parts of Mainland Asia.

Silk Road

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade connected the Philippines with __ and other parts of the Americas.

Mexico

The Philippines served as a cultural __ where different cultures and traditions met and interacted.

crossroads

Pre-colonial Philippines exported commodities like rice, cotton, abaca, and __, and imported textiles, ceramics, and spices.

gold

Despite western influence, many traditional practices and beliefs from the __ period continue to be observed in contemporary Philippine society.

pre-colonial

Many indigenous groups in the Philippines continue to practice __ and maintain their traditional ways of life.

animism