unit 5 ap human geo

Primary Economic sector

the part of economic production involving agriculture, mining, fishing, and materials acquisition.

hunting and gathering

the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food (the first agricultural revolution)

agriculture

the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

cultivation

(agriculture) production of food by preparing the land to grow crops

clustered settlement

houses are grouped together in tiny clusters

Metes and Bounds

A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land.

dispersed settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

township and range

based upon lines of latitude and longitude

agricultural hearth

the place from which agriculture, or a form of agriculture originates

First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic)

the shift from hunting and gathering for food to farming about 11,000 years ago, marking the beginning of agriculture

columbian exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Second Agricultural Revolution

tools and equipment were modified, and farming was more efficient following the industrial revolution

enclosure acts

a series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use that had previously been common land used by peasant farmers

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Green Revolution (Third Agricultural Revolution)

high yield seeds (hybrid and/or GMOs), increased use of chemicals, mechanized farming, and elaborate irrigation systems

terrance farming

turning hillside into steps or terraces ringing the hill to create flat surfaces for farming, thus utilizing all available land

irrigation

The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.

subsistence farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one self and their family

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Swidden

Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash-and-burn method.

plantation farming

Agriculture performed on a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

grain farming

The mass planting and harvesting of grain crops, such as wheat, barley, and millet.

truck farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming

Mediterranean Farming

Agriculture practiced in areas with a Mediterranean climate; mostly horticulture

extensive farming

Where small amounts of capital and labour are used in relation to the amount of land being farmed

commercial farming

growing large quantities of crops or livestock in order to sell them for a profit

shifting cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

intensive subsistence

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

cash crop

farm crop raised to be sold for money

combine

A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field.

dairy farming

a farm that produces milk or milk products, and are usually around big urban areas

livestock ranching

The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool.

Pastroral Nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

slash and burn

when an area of vegetation is cut down and burned before being planted with crops.

double cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

mixed crop and livestock

both animal and crops are farmed in the same area, it's helpful because farmers could distribute the workload more evenly through the year

commercial gardening

The intensive production of nontropical fruits, vegetables, and flowers for sale off the farm.

milk shed

the geographic distance that milk is delivered

intensive farming

agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

agribusiness

The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products.

Von-Thunen model

An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market

bid-rent theory

different land users are prepared to pay different amounts, the bid rents, for locations at various distances from the city center.

commodity chain

the hands an item passes through between producer and consumer

monoculture

farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year

sustainable agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

GMF

Genetically modified (changed) food has its genes changed by people.

organic farming

the use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops

aquaculture

the cultivation of seafood

fair trade

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.

urban farming

The growing of fruits, herbs, and vegetables and raising animals in towns and cities, a process that is accompanied by many other activities such as processing and distributing food, collecting and reusing food waste.

food deserts

Areas where it is difficult to find affordable, healthy food options. More common in highly populated low-income urban neighborhoods where there are fewer grocery stores/transportation options to seek out other food choices. Contribute to obesity in these areas bc people resort to buying cheap, highly caloric foods