MGMT Exam 2

What is motivation?

A process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.

What is direction in the context of motivation?

The path along which motivation is directed.

What is intensity in motivation?

The amount of effort put into pursuing a goal.

What is persistence in motivation?

The continued effort towards a goal despite challenges.

Define intrinsic motivation.

Motivation that comes from within, driven by personal satisfaction or interest.

True or False: Goals that are moderate to difficult maximize intensity and motivation.

True

What does equity theory refer to?

A theory explaining how individuals assess fairness in social exchanges, causing internal tension if perceived as inequitable.

What is expectancy theory?

A theory that suggests motivation is influenced by the expected outcomes and valence of those outcomes.

True or False: Those who feel equity are more likely to engage in citizenship behaviors.

True

Define trust.

A firm belief in the reliability, truth, ability, or strength of someone or something.

Define ethics.

Moral principles that govern a person's behavior or conducting of an activity.

True or False: Trust propensity is most obvious with friends.

False

What is affect-based trust?

Trust that develops in close relationships.

True or False: Moral intensity indicates an issue has ethical urgency.

True

Define justice in the context of decision-making.

Perceived fairness of authority decisions.

What is trust propensity?

The general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of others can be relied upon.

What are the characters or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust called?

Trustworthiness.

What does zero-acquaintance situation refer to?

A context in which two people have just met.

What is ability in the context of cognitive trust?

The skill or expectations of a person that contribute to their trustworthiness.

Define distributive justice.

Perceived fairness of decision outcomes.

What is procedural justice?

Perceived fairness of decision processes.

What is interpersonal justice?

The perceived fairness in how authorities treat individuals.

What is the first step in the 4 component model of moral awareness?

Recognizing the ethical implications of a decision.

What are types of knowledge in the context of expertise?

Tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge.

Define rational decision-making model.

A structured approach to making decisions aimed at maximizing outcomes through evaluating all alternatives.

What is self-serving bias?

The tendency to attribute personal failures to external factors and successes to internal factors.

Define explicit knowledge.

Information that is easily communicated and shared.

What is tacit knowledge?

Knowledge gained through personal experience that is difficult to articulate.

What is the difference between programmed and non-programmed decisions?

Programmed decisions are routine and automatic, while non-programmed decisions are unique and require a thoughtful approach.

What does bounded rationality refer to?

Limits on our ability to process information, leading to less-than-optimal decisions.

What is satisficing?

Choosing the first acceptable alternative rather than the best possible option.

Define anchoring in decision-making.

The tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions.

What is escalation of commitment?

The phenomenon where individuals continue to invest in a failing endeavor due to prior commitments.

What are the Big Five Personality test characteristics?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Define personality.

An individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior.

What is neuroticism?

A personality trait characterized by negative emotions and emotional instability.

Define extraversion.

A personality trait associated with sociability and positive emotionality.

What does agreeableness refer to?

A personality trait that reflects a person's tendency to be compassionate and cooperative.

True or False: Myers-Briggs is most appropriate in hiring.

False.

What do personality traits consist of?

A combination of environmental influences (nature) and genetic predispositions (nurture).

What is conscientiousness?

A personality trait characterized by a tendency to be organized, responsible, and achievement-oriented.

True or False: Neuroticism holds an external locus of control.

True.

What is positive affectivity?

A trait characterized by high levels of positive emotions and mood.

What is faking in personality assessments?

Exaggerating one's answers to appear more favorable.

What do low power distance cultures prefer?

A uniform distribution of power amongst individuals.

What percentage of variation in extraversion is accounted for by genetic differences?

Nearly 50%.

Which two dimensions of personality are most dependent on genetics?

Extraversion and openness to experience.

What is the most stable personality trait throughout a person's life?

Extraversion.

What is the difference between tacit and explicit knowledge?

Tacit knowledge is learned through experience and is hard to convey, while explicit knowledge is easily communicated and documented.

What is the main distinction between programmed and non-programmed decisions?

Programmed decisions follow established routines, while non-programmed decisions arise in new or complex situations.

Define selective perception in decision-making.

Filtering information based on what one already believes.

What is projection in decision-making?

Assuming that others share the same feelings or opinions as oneself.

What does availability refer to in decision-making?

Relying on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic or decision.

What is the fundamental error in attribution?

The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics in explaining others' behaviors and underemphasize situational factors.