Fungi

What are Fungi

Eukaryotes, and multicellular

How do the Eat

-Absorption

Exoenzymes 

-Hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the fungus, digest food outside its body to simpler compounds 

-saprobes  

Saprobic fugi

Absorb nutrients from nonliving organism 

Parasitic fugi

absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts

Mutualistic fungi

absorb nutrients from a host organism, they reciprocate with functions that benefit their partner 

Fugal hyphae

vegetative bodies of fungi

form interwoven mat called mycelium

cell walls are made of chitin

multicellular with hyphae divided into cells by cross walls (septa) 

pores large enough for ribosomes 

Coenocytic fugi 

continuous sytoplasmic mass 

Parasitic fungi

hyphae modified haustoria (nutrient absorbing hyphae tips that penetrate the tissues of their host)

Mold

rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungus

grow as saprobes or parasites on variety of substrates

ONLY ASEXUAL STAGE

fugus may reproduce sexually, (zygosporangia, ascocarps, basildiocarps)

Yeasts 

unicellular fungi that inhabits liquid/moist 

simple cell division of budding off 

some reproduce sexually, forming sci (ascomycota), basidia (basidiomycota), no known sexual phase (imperfect fungi) 

Lichens

symbiotic association of photosynthetic microorganisms

Mycorrhizae

mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi

mycelium from the mycorrhizae greatly increase the absorptive surface of the plant roots

Karyogamy

Fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by two parents

plasmogamy 

cytoplasmic fusion by two parents 

Heterokayotic

nuclei of fungal hyphae and spores are haploid, except for transient diploid 

nuclei may remain in separate parts of the same mycelium or exchange chromosomes and genes

Genetically heterogeneous

fusion of two hyphae that have genetically different nuclei

Phylum Chytridiomycota: Chytrids

mainly aquatic

saprobes, parasite protists, plants, and animals

flagellated zoospores

most primitive fungi

absorptive mode nutrition have chitinous cell walls

unicellular chytrids, form coenocytic hyphae

Phylum Zygomycota: Zygote fungi 

terrestrial - living in soil

decaying plant and animal material 

zygomycete (zygote fungi) hyphae are coenocytic with septa found in reproductive structures 

sexual stage

Phylum Glomeromycota

arbuscular mycorrhizae

symbiotic with plant roots

Phylum Ascomycota: Sac fungi

mycologists

unicellular yeasts

plant pathogens

sacs called asci

Ascomycetes

heterokaryotic during the formation of ascocarps

Ascocarps 

sac-like structure that holds the spores

Phylum Basidiomycota: Club fungi

eukaryotic mycelia

dikaryotic mycelium

mushrooms, shelf, fungi, puffballs, rusts

basidium, transient diploid stage