5.8, 5.9, 5.10

{5.8} Conditions in the Industrial Revolution

Workers were deprived, leading to social reform from utopian socialists and philosophers.

{5.8} Labor Unions

Organizations of workers that advocated for employer bargaining and put it into a contract.

{5.8} Voting Rights

Labor unions influenced this. British passed reform bills to expand voting.

{5.8} Child Labor

Children under 10 were banned from coal mines, education was mandatory from ages 5 to 10.

{5.8} John Stuart Mill

British philosopher who reformed for labor unions, child labor, and safe working.

{5.8} Utilitarianism

Mill’s philosophy that followed gradual reform.

{5.8} Karl Marx

German socialist who hated Utopian Socialists for being cowards and made Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels.

{5.8} Friedrich Engels

Karl Marx’s supporter who helped with Communist Manifesto.

{5.8} Communist Manifesto

Pamphlet that summarized Marx’s critique on capitalism, highlighting contradictions in class division.

{5.8} Proletariat

Working class in factories for little wage, as defined by Karl Marx.

{5.8} Bourgeoisie

Middle class & investors who owned industrial machinery, according to Karl Marx.

{5.8} Means of Production

Bourgeoisie owned machines and factories, receiving most of the wealth.

{5.8} Communism

Removal of all class distinction, believed by Marx to replace socialism.

{5.8} Mahmud II

Reformed Ottoman system by abolishing Janissaries and developing artillery.

{5.8} Tanzimat Reorganization (Ottoman)

Reforms after Mahmud, aimed at reducing corruption and improving education and legal systems.

{5.8} Hatt-i Humayun (Ottoman)

Edict declaring equality for all men in education and government.

{5.8} Millets (Ottoman)

Separate legal courts established by various religious systems.

{5.8} Ottoman Economy & Society

Colonial expansion, banking, and industrialization built the economy, and women's indirect property control increased.

{5.8} Opposition to Reforms (Ottoman)

Abdulhamid drove Young Turks into exile fearing bad reform and foreign influences.

{5.8} Young Turks / Armenian Genocide (Ottomans)

Advocates for reform driven into exile by Sultan Abdulhamid.

{5.8} Self-Strengthening Movement

Qing Dynasty reform for modernization through technology and manufacturing.

{5.8} Emperor Guangxu

Convinced by reform club to initiate Hundred Days of Reform.

{5.8} Hundred Days of Reform

Abolition of civil service exam, corruption, and establishment of Western systems.

{5.8} Empress Dowager Cixi

Conservative who opposed reforms due to fear of foreigners.

{5.8} Reform of the Civil Service

Cixi abandoned the civil service exam, realizing it was outdated and corrupt.

{5.8} China and Foreign Powers

Had to accept protection from Westerners due to weakening from internal rebellion and Japan.

{5.8} Bushido

Japanese code of conduct for samurai that was dissolved.

{5.8} Genros

Elder statesmen that served for the government, with some samurai converting to this role.

{5.8} Rise & Decline of Liberalization

Japan experienced industrial economy and traits of democracy but army officers dominated the government.

{5.9} Tenements

Cramped apartment buildings owned by factory owners that housed laborers.

{5.9} Slums

Areas of cities where low-income families were forced to live.

{5.9} Working Class

Bottom of hierarchy in Britain who constructed goods.

{5.9} White-Collar Workers

Middle class, literate managers/owners.

{5.9} Farm Work vs. Factory Work

Farm work was done at home while close to people; factory work involved harsher work schedules and was farther from home.

{5.9} Effects on Children

Machinery damaged children’s lungs, as well as presenting heat and safety hazards.

{5.9} Effect on Women’s Lives

Working in harsh conditions while taking care of children spurred feminism.

{5.9} Effects on the Environment

Air pollution led to lung damage; water pollution led to the spread of diseases.

{5.9} Mass Production

Goods became cheaper, accessible, and abundant due to the Industrial Revolution.

{5.10} Industrialization Around the World

USA, RUS, JAP increased industrial production, more railroads; JAP, EGY industrialized to modernize economy.

{5.10} Sources of Raw Materials

Possible through steam ship/locomotive, railroads, and telegraphs.

{5.10} Physical Labor

Machinery needed abundant, low-wage laborers. Labor unions were made in retaliation.

{5.10} Office Labor

Industrial Revolution added more occupations to the middle class like factory managers.

{5.10} The Wealthy

Owners of industrial companies who invested instead of labor. Upper class capitalists.

{5.10} Gender and Industrialization

Women provided labor but were often paid less than men and denied high-wage jobs.

{5.10} Voting Rights

Wealthy capitalists and middle-class caused this, but only men could vote still.

{5.10} Protection for Workers

Bismarck’s social reforms spread globally to protect industrial workers.